Peachy Keenan:

If the illiterate Dark Ages are indeed coming, at least we will have our stacks of hardcovers to comfort us.

A recent essay in The Atlantic tells us what most of us have already surmised: reading is dead, and it’s not coming back. In “The Age of Reading Is Over,” we learn that not only are fewer people reading long-form prose for pleasure, but soon they will permanently lose the ability to do so. The scroll, the digital cave, has trapped young brains and is atrophying their attention spans early so that they will not be able to get through a novel later on.

“Reading has come to seem extraneous even to some of the best-educated members of society. Margaret Rennix, Harvard’s assistant director for humanities and social-sciences support, told me she’d spoken with a student who was struggling to read a book written in Old English. The culprit: Anthony Burgess’s 1962 novel A Clockwork Orange. (The student used ChatGPT to ‘translate’ the book into easier language.)”

Mass literacy is devolving into mass illiteracy, fast. This catastrophe is being helped along by an “elite” culture that has dismissed classic Western literature—the “canon,” as we used to call it—as hopelessly out of date, the work of dead white patriarchs, no longer “relevant” to “today’s modern audiences.”

But how would today’s modern book readers know, since they can’t and won’t ever encounter any of these works in print? It’s one thing to find Hamlet or Huckleberry Finn or Gatsby irrelevant. It’s quite another if you can’t comprehend prose unless it is delivered via a toddler board book or an erotic romantasy novel.

Meanwhile, woke activists in California are trying to get “Black English” (formerly known as Ebonics) taught in preschools to improve literacy skills. They also want to classify it as a separate language so black kids can be deemed “bilingual.” Teaching them how to “speak Black” is “part of a movement to challenge harmful language hierarchies and affirm Black English as a legitimate, rule-governed language rooted in Black history, culture, and community.” I would think children raised in black households would already know how to “speak Black.” “We talk about multilinguals, but we don’t include Black children who may be African-American English speakers,” the director of the Children’s Equity Project, Xigrid Soto-Boykin, said. I am old enough to remember when this was a hilarious scene in the classic 1980s comedy Airplane, when passenger Barbara Billingsley offered to translate for two men who could not understand English. “Excuse me, stewardess, I speak Jive.”

It remains to be determined if the Black English activists will allow white children to learn and speak Black English along with their classmates. Or are some languages only reserved for certain races?

But if Harvard students and preschoolers and everyone in between are not reading anymore, what’s left?

——-

“application bloat”

2026-2027 Madison K-12 $pending continues to grow, fueled by a 9.7% (!) property tax increase. Total spending will be at least $706,000,000 for 25,003 students, or $28,236 per student.

May 2026 Madison School District Presentation: 7,095 adults for 25,003 students (3.52 students per adult!)

Early Literacy Screener Map.

Map: Foundations of Reading Results: 2015–2024

Where have all the students gone?

More. Act 20.

3,887 Madison 4 year old to third grade students scored lower than 75% of the students in the national comparison group.

Madison taxpayers have long supported far above average k-12 tax & $pending. This despite our long term, disastrous reading results. May, 2026: 7,095 Staff for 25,003 students; $pending > $26k per student!

Madison Schools: More $, No Accountability

The taxpayer funded Madison School District long used Reading Recovery…

The data clearly indicate that being able to read is not a requirement for graduation at (Madison) East, especially if you are black or Hispanic.

A.B.T.: “Ain’t been taught.”

My Question to Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers on Teacher Mulligans and our Disastrous Reading Results

2017: West High Reading Interventionist Teacher’s Remarks to the School Board on Madison’s Disastrous Reading Results 

Madison’s taxpayer supported K-12 school district, despite spending far more than most, has long tolerated disastrous reading results.

“An emphasis on adult employment”

Wisconsin Public Policy Forum Madison School District Report[PDF]

WEAC: $1.57 million for Four Wisconsin Senators

Friday Afternoon Veto: Governor Evers Rejects AB446/SB454; an effort to address our long term, disastrous reading results

Booked, but can’t read (Madison): functional literacy, National citizenship and the new face of Dred Scott in the age of mass incarceration.

When A Stands for Average: Students at the UW-Madison School of Education Receive Sky-High Grades. How Smart is That?

Nell Gluckman:

In February, several University of Wisconsin regents were so frustrated with the system’s president during a presentation on artificial intelligence that they started texting one another.

“Pulling teeth to get him to get proactive with strategy and now this is what we get,” one texted to another. The exchange, which surfaced in public records obtained this month by The Chronicle, was first reported by the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.

Soon after, President Jay Rothman would be out of a job. At first, it was not clear why. But text messages and emails between the regents and Rothman show the extent that disagreement over what to do about AI played a role in his abrupt firing. The conflict speaks to the increasing uncertainty the technology is bringing to all levels of higher education.

“Jay telling us to question [AI’s] output and then asking AI to rank the UWs and then presenting it to us is comical,” Noah Fritz, a regent, who is a student, wrote to Jack Salzwedel, another regent, during the February board meeting. “I just leaned over and said that to Angela,” Salzwedel responded, referring to another board member. (Salzwedel resigned earlier this month due to family medical challenges.)

Ashok Rai, also a regent, listed a series of unanswered questions in a separate text to Fritz, including, “annual system spend on AI” and “what type of protections do we have, and what type of policies do we need, to make sure we are [not] feeding current platforms with proprietary information.”

“There is no regents guidelines or guardrails on AI,” Timothy Nixon, a regent, told lawmakers. “President Rothman has blocked those.”

“I was of the belief that a systemwide policy would not be helpful since each university was on top of the evolving situation,” Rothman wrote to the lawmakers. Still, in response to the regents’ feedback, he said he prepared a resolution on AI that he planned to bring to the March board meeting, but Bogost told his office not to. Instead, he wrote in the letter, “We were directed to submit guidelines for discussion at that meeting, which we did.”

Records obtained by The Chronicle show that Rothman sent a landscape analysis of AI, in the form of a set of slides to board members ahead of the February board meeting. At least part of the analysis, he said in an email to them, was generated by AI. The slides show ways other systems around the country are using AI to do their day-to-day work. Video recording of the February board meeting show that representatives from around the system gave presentations on how they were teaching about AI, using it in research, or in other ways.

——-

I’ve raised the question of our long-term disastrous literacy issues with various academics.

The response has mostly been head in the sand, with one prominent AI professor stating that “I’m not going to answer that question because as I want to keep this discussion positive”

———-

“application bloat”

2026-2027 Madison K-12 $pending continues to grow, fueled by a 9.7% (!) property tax increase. Total spending will be at least $706,000,000 for 25,003 students, or $28,236 per student.

May 2026 Madison School District Presentation: 7,095 adults for 25,003 students (3.52 students per adult!)

Early Literacy Screener Map.

Map: Foundations of Reading Results: 2015–2024

Where have all the students gone?

More. Act 20.

3,887 Madison 4 year old to third grade students scored lower than 75% of the students in the national comparison group.

Madison taxpayers have long supported far above average k-12 tax & $pending. This despite our long term, disastrous reading results. May, 2026: 7,095 Staff for 25,003 students; $pending > $26k per student!

Madison Schools: More $, No Accountability

The taxpayer funded Madison School District long used Reading Recovery…

The data clearly indicate that being able to read is not a requirement for graduation at (Madison) East, especially if you are black or Hispanic”

A.B.T.: “Ain’t been taught.”

My Question to Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers on Teacher Mulligans and our Disastrous Reading Results

2017: West High Reading Interventionist Teacher’s Remarks to the School Board on Madison’s Disastrous Reading Results 

Madison’s taxpayer supported K-12 school district, despite spending far more than most, has long tolerated disastrous reading results.

“An emphasis on adult employment”

Wisconsin Public Policy Forum Madison School District Report[PDF]

WEAC: $1.57 million for Four Wisconsin Senators

Friday Afternoon Veto: Governor Evers Rejects AB446/SB454; an effort to address our long term, disastrous reading results

Booked, but can’t read (Madison): functional literacy, National citizenship and the new face of Dred Scott in the age of mass incarceration.

When A Stands for Average: Students at the UW-Madison School of Education Receive Sky-High Grades. How Smart is That?

Kristian Niemietz:

Four years ago, a colleague asked me whether I could chair a debate with some guy called ‘Gary Stevenson’, who was, apparently, an anti-inequality campaigner and a YouTube commentator of some description. I had never heard of Stevenson, but accepted. The debate went all right, even though it was mostly a case of talking past each other (which, given that I was the moderator, was probably my fault). It was otherwise not especially memorable. Britain does not exactly have a shortage of left-wing media figures and activists. In the first half of the 2010s, there was the campaign for a ‘Robin Hood Tax’, the anti-tax-avoidance campaign ‘UK Uncut’, the ‘People’s Assembly’ with its endless anti-austerity marches, the Occupy movement, and, later, the political cult around Russell Brand. From 2015, all of these movements coalesced around Corbynism, and while Jeremy Corbyn himself stepped down as Labour leader in 2020, the movement lingered.

Stevenson was slightly different because of his unusual backstory as a former City trader, and because of his singular focus on wealth inequality as opposed to, for example, income inequality, nationalisation, or price controls. Nonetheless, I saw him as just another minor character in Britain’s vast left-wing ecosystem.

Today, four years on, Gary Stevenson is everywhere. He is a best-selling author, his YouTube channel ‘Gary’s Economics’ has more than 1.6 million subscribers, he is all over the media, and Channel 4 have just released an entire documentary about him. Four years ago, the wealth tax, Stevenson’s flagship policy, was a niche idea that only a bunch of tax nerds were interested in. Today, it is the policy idea of the hour, with three-quarters of the public expressing support for it. Stevenson even sells T-shirts with pro-wealth-tax slogans.

John Morley

This paper explores a ubiquitous problem in organization that I call “generational conflict.” Generational conflict is a difference of interest between the people of the present and the people of the future. I focus primarily on conflict among the equity holders of business firms, but I show that the problem also appears in trusts, nonprofits, families, cities, states, and nations. Generational conflict takes many forms. Among other things, it discourages investment in the future, sows disagreement over the pricing of entry and exit, complicates transitions between cooperative and investor ownership, and drives spiraling cycles of withdrawal. Many investor-owned corporations solve these problems by issuing “permanent” equity interests that last as long as the firms that issue them. But other firms, such as law firms, customer coops , and investment funds, issue shorter “impermanent” equity interests that force these firms to find other solutions. Firms with impermanent equity mitigate generational conflict by reducing the mismatches in duration between generations of equity holders and the decisions they make and by disciplining firm governance to reduce the odds of opportunistic behavior across generations. I survey the range of generational conflicts and solutions and offer a theory to explain the balance between them. I argue that the solutions to generational conflict represent some of the most transformative social technologies of modernity. Without them, it would be difficult to imagine skyscrapers, vaccines, airplanes, computers, or much of the other technological and physical capital that characterizes the modern world.

Alex Tabarrok:

Within the United States, professions are regulated in some states but not others—Louisiana, for instance, requires florists to be licensed. (Do license-holding Louisiana florists produce better, safer arrangements? I don’t think so.) Given this variation even within a single country, we’d expect considerable variation across countries too. Multiple independent surveys—not just HK—confirm that Denmark, Sweden, and even France have less occupational licensing than the United States. Since these countries have high state capacity, we can rule out the hypothesis that licensing exists for safety or quality. The implication is clear: occupational licensing is often about rent-seeking, not quality assurance.

Kevin Kelly:

Just to be clear, no human action is doing the mapping. The system itself, the LLM, is mapping each bit of the world, all things, all attributes, all art, all words, all ideas. And astoundingly it creates this map, this latent space, not piecemeal, but all at once simultaneously. (To do so requires an immense, energy-hungry, massive cluster of chips, all connected together with miles of wires — the famous data center now in short supply.)

While training, the LLM is fed millions of books, billions of web pages, and billions of pages of text from social media. It reads every word on each of them, and once this entire library of material is loaded into its mind, it massively calculates all the interconnecting vectors, all the relative directions pointing to each other. The scale of this vast synchronized parallel calculation is staggering. It then throws away the books, the text, the images, and only keeps this tangled web of directions and vectors. These billions of directions are called its parameters. As we build larger and larger models, mapping more and more material, the parameters increase. The latest models on the frontier of AI contain trillions of parameters, meaning there are trillions of directions, or trillions of attributes that it uses to map every idea or thing it has seen.

Gabriel Sison:

“Join the waitlist” and “Launching in 2026,” the MyGender Dolls website tells visitors. 

“Grounded in gender-affirming clinical practices,” the dolls will be a “therapeutic” resource for clinicians and educators who work with children ages 4-10, it states.

The new website only includes a few details about the dolls, a years-long project by faculty at the university’s Eli Coleman Institute for Sexual and Gender Health. Some of the links on the site are not working yet, but there is a “waitlist” form that people can fill out “to be kept up to date about the MyGender Dolls.”

The College Fix contacted the email address listed on the website and the project organizers via email on July 2 and 5, asking for information about the product and launch date. No one responded.

Previously, the university had a webpage dedicated to the project, but it was removed at some point after The College Fix first reported on it in December 2024.

According to the page, MyGender Dolls mimic classic paper dolls, featuring drawings of children of different ages, shapes, and skin colors to represent “all” kids. Children will be able to choose different internal and external genitals, clothes, and other accessories to help them “visualize their anatomy and genders,” the page stated.

——-

The State of Reading.

Sierra Dawn McClain:

The family’s roots in the region trace to the 1730s, when Richard Brown from Pennsylvania moved to a Quaker settlement in Loudoun County. Ms. Brown keeps yellowed documents from the farm’s early days, including the 1741 deed to the property from Lord Thomas Fairfax, who owned millions of acres in Virginia.

During the Revolutionary War, Loudoun County supplied the Continental Army with grain and livestock. “Loudoun was called the breadbasket of the Revolution,” said Denise Mo, executive director of the Loudoun Heritage Farm Museum.

During the Civil War, Oakland Green was wedged between opposing armies. To prevent Confederate cavalry commander Col. John Mosby and his rangers from using the county’s farms for food and shelter, the Union Army burned more than 200 barns in the winter of 1864. The Browns’ barn was spared.

The post-Civil War expansion of railroads opened new markets, enabling Virginia farms to ship perishable milk to the District of Columbia. By the 1890s, lines such as the Washington & Old Dominion Railroad carried fresh milk to the district daily. Oakland Green adapted, operating a dairy in the late 1800s.

Frederick Turner:

Behind institutions, behind constitutional forms and modifications, lie the vital forces that call these organs into life and shape them to meet changing conditions. The peculiarity of American institutions is, the fact that they have been compelled to adapt themselves to the changes of an expanding people—to the changes involved in crossing a continent, in winning a wilderness, and in developing at each area of this progress out of the primitive economic and political conditions of the frontier into the complexity of city life. Said Calhoun in 1817, “We are great, and rapidly—I was about to say fearfully—growing!”¹So saying, he touched the distinguishing feature of American life. All peoples show development; the germ theory of politics has been sufficiently emphasized. In the case of most nations, however, the development has occurred in a limited area; and if the nation has expanded, it has met other growing peoples whom it has conquered. But in the case of the United States we have a different phenomenon. Limiting our attention to the Atlantic coast, we have the familiar phenomenon of the evolution of institutions in a limited area, such as the rise of representative government; the differentiation of simple colonial governments into complex organs; the progress from primitive industrial society, without division of labor, up to manufacturing civilization. But we have in addition to this a recurrence of the process of evolution in each western area reached in the process of expansion. Thus American development has exhibited not merely advance along a single line, but a return to primitive conditions on a continually advancing frontier line, and a new development for that area. American social development has been continually beginning over again on the frontier. This perennial rebirth, this fluidity of American life, this expansion westward with its new opportunities, its continuous touch with the simplicity of primitive society, furnish the forces dominating American character. The true point of view in the history of this nation is not the Atlantic coast, it is the great West. Even the slavery struggle, which is made so exclusive an object of attention by writers like Prof. von Holst, occupies its important place in American history because of its relation to westward expansion.

Emma Camp:

What can a vintage refrigerator tell us about capitalism? Quite a lot, actually!

Find out more in my latest for @WSJFreeEx pic.twitter.com/ni6sCilt5u

— Emma Camp (@emmma_camp_) July 13, 2026

Ann Althouse summary:

“… they have no idea what they’ll do with their diploma once they graduate, they have no particular interest in the program they’re in…. My own son was … pretty lost, after struggling in studies to be a software developer (constantly at home, alone, in front of a computer), then working in customer support for an insurance company (constantly at home, alone, in front of a computer). It wasn’t that he couldn’t do the work, but he procrastinated, felt many tasks were pointless, and just wasn’t happy. But his dad and I both have PhDs and his sister is an MD, and it seemed he felt he ‘should’ be in university. Then he found out about an opportunity to train as a baker. 8 months of classes and practice in a very good gov’t run program (free), then a month as a trainee at a bakery. He lucked into a popular local artisanal place, very well known for their baguettes, croissants and sourdough. They hired him as soon as he was finished, and he’s SO HAPPY there! He’s interacting with others all day, he’s always on the move and always learning, and can see the results of his work immediately (and eat it too!)….”

Tyler Cowen:

Government-run systems often (not always) do a perfectly fine job setting a broken arm or administering a long-standing, well-known medication. They do much less well when it comes to developing, financing, and delivering a new immunological approach to fighting cancer, personalized to your individual genome at a cost of hundreds of thousands of dollars. In our rapidly arriving biomedical future, innovation capacity will matter above all else. And though they may not see it today, the people with the most life ahead of them will reap nearly all of the benefits of a dynamic system, or suffer the consequences of a paralytic one.

Thirty years ago, it was often debated whether the Canadian or British healthcare systems were better than what we have in the U.S. After all, they offered a kind of guaranteed access to health services. The details could differ, but often the healthcare had no upfront price or only a low user fee. In America, in contrast, healthcare was more expensive, there were many millions of uninsured people, and dealing with sometimes rapacious insurers and hospitals could involve significant emotional trauma.

But over time the British and Canadian systems look worse and worse. The queues and rationing have increased, as giving healthcare away for free makes it hard to satisfy demands in a timely manner. In Canada, for instance, the median wait time has risen from 9.3 weeks in the early 1990s to 28.6 weeks today. In the British National Health Service, only 65.3 percent of patients start treatment within 18 weeks.

This entire dynamic will be intensified as the pace of medical innovation picks up.

Ammar A. Merhbi

Walk into recently renovated progressive schools, and the physical design is unmistakable. Traditional rows are absent, replaced by writable glass, varied seating arrangements, and expansive floor plans. The foundational assumption driving these changes is that open, fluid environments automatically produce collaborative, self-directed learners.

However, an extensive review by Sowmya Sathish and Siu-Kit Lau (2026) examines 118 peer-reviewed studies to clarify how space actually impacts learning. Their findings demonstrate that physical space alone does not change student outcomes; it provides a framework that must be actively managed.

Below is an analysis of what their research reveals about modern classroom design, followed by an external evaluation of these architectural trends through the Science of Learning lens.

Sathish and Lau (2026) establish that international educational priorities heavily emphasize competencies like collaboration, problem-solving, and self-regulation.

To evaluate how physical space supports these targets, the researchers built a conceptual model intersecting three theoretical lenses: Socio-Material Theory, Constructivist Learning Theory, and Cognitive Flexibility Theory. (Note: The study focuses on Cognitive Flexibility Theory, how learners adaptively restructure knowledge for complex tasks, rather than Cognitive Load Theory).

Daniel OK-Carr

Curriculum Associates CEO Kelly Sia recently defended her company’s flagship i-Ready platform to Fordham readers. The program, used by millions of students, has come under fire from teachers, parents, and students as part of an ed-tech backlash sweeping the nation.

To set the record straight, Sia stated that Curriculum Associates “welcome honest scrutiny of our research.” She then pointed to a large correlational study out of Georgia State University that evaluated i-Ready use in one large southeastern metro district during the post-pandemic recovery as proof their approach “works.”’

The study behind the claim

She’s right to build her case from it. This appears to be the only independent, peer-reviewed study directly evaluating i-Ready Personalized Instruction outcomes in the program’s 15-year history. So let’s take her up on the offer and scrutinize it. When you read the fine print, a very different picture emerges than the one she’s selling to us.

Start with the number she would like us to focus on. To show her product lifts the achievement of traditionally underserved students, Sia quotes the study directly, and the quote sounds impressive: students who were “Black, male, FRLM-eligible, or with intellectual disabilities experience(d)…up to 14 weeks of instructional growth.”

William Flanders

This study examines the association between participation in Wisconsin’s private school choice programs and English Language Arts achievement using longitudinal administrative data from 96,241 students tested in 2018–2019 and 2022–2023. Propensity score matching compares voucher participants with similar public-school students, with exposure measured by years of participation. Sustained participation is positively associated with achievement growth. Statewide program participants gained approximately 0.14 standard deviations overall and 0.35 standard deviations after four or more years. Similar patterns appear in Racine. Findings suggest evaluations of school choice should emphasize long-term participation rather than short-term outcomes alone.

——-

“application bloat”

2026-2027 Madison K-12 $pending continues to grow, fueled by a 9.7% (!) property tax increase. Total spending will be at least $706,000,000 for 25,003 students, or $28,236 per student.

May 2026 Madison School District Presentation: 7,095 adults for 25,003 students (3.52 students per adult!)

Early Literacy Screener Map.

Map: Foundations of Reading Results: 2015–2024

Where have all the students gone?

More. Act 20.

3,887 Madison 4 year old to third grade students scored lower than 75% of the students in the national comparison group.

Madison taxpayers have long supported far above average k-12 tax & $pending. This despite our long term, disastrous reading results. May, 2026: 7,095 Staff for 25,003 students; $pending > $26k per student!

Madison Schools: More $, No Accountability

The taxpayer funded Madison School District long used Reading Recovery…

The data clearly indicate that being able to read is not a requirement for graduation at (Madison) East, especially if you are black or Hispanic”

A.B.T.: “Ain’t been taught.”

My Question to Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers on Teacher Mulligans and our Disastrous Reading Results

2017: West High Reading Interventionist Teacher’s Remarks to the School Board on Madison’s Disastrous Reading Results 

Madison’s taxpayer supported K-12 school district, despite spending far more than most, has long tolerated disastrous reading results.

“An emphasis on adult employment”

Wisconsin Public Policy Forum Madison School District Report[PDF]

WEAC: $1.57 million for Four Wisconsin Senators

Friday Afternoon Veto: Governor Evers Rejects AB446/SB454; an effort to address our long term, disastrous reading results

Booked, but can’t read (Madison): functional literacy, National citizenship and the new face of Dred Scott in the age of mass incarceration.

When A Stands for Average: Students at the UW-Madison School of Education Receive Sky-High Grades. How Smart is That?

Jill Barshay:

“Teachers, just like students or coders, might be using AI as a crutch,” said Alp Sungu, lead author of the study and an assistant professor at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. “Instead of doing the actual work, they’re using AI to delegate the task, and that lowers the quality of their teaching.”

A draft of the study, “Generative AI Can Harm Teaching,” was released online in June and has not yet been published in a peer-reviewed journal. It echoes Sungu’s widely discussed 2024 research on how students’ use of AI is harming learning. 

“Students use AI as an answer machine, not as a tool for learning, and therefore it harms learning,” said Sungu. “Here, I think teachers are potentially using AI as a material generating machine for homework, lecture notes, lesson plans, syllabus. Instead of improving their own output, they’re using AI as a replacement with very minimal interaction, and therefore the quality of output is not good enough.”

Sungu’s experiment, conducted with fellow University of Pennsylvania researchers, including educational psychologist Angela Duckworth, followed 193 teachers and more than 2,800 middle and high school students in a private school chain in Turkey during the spring of 2025. 

Teachers were randomly assigned either to receive access to a ChatGPT-based teaching assistant customized to Turkey’s national curriculum or to continue teaching as usual. Over 10 weeks, teachers primarily used the tool to generate lecture notes, assignments and exams.

Students whose teachers had access to the AI tool rated their classes as less enjoyable, less interesting and less important than students in the control group. The decline in intrinsic motivation was modest, but larger among students of those teachers who had already been heavier AI users before the experiment began.

Carlo Rovelli

A fierce debate is raging around the slippery notion of consciousness. It retraces a trotted pattern of cultural resistance: We humans are often scared by anything that may disturb our image of ourselves. 

Famously, Darwin’s realization that we have common ancestors with all living organisms on our planet met ferocious resistance. Many felt confounded or degraded by the idea of sharing a family tree with donkeys. The cultural history of modernity is dotted by similar ideological rearguard battles, wherein old worldviews fight in retreat against novel knowledge to save some concept held dear. Amid the current cultural backlash against progressive ideas, today’s debate on consciousness reflects our human fears of belonging to the same family as inanimate matter and losing our dear, transcendent souls.

During the Middle Ages, Western civilization described humans as composed of two distinct entities: body and soul. The body was an interconnected bunch of matter that decayed and died. The soul belonged to a transcendent spiritual world independent from vile matter. Angels were souls without a body and so were people after their material death. The soul, taken to be immortal and created by God, was understood as the repository of memories, emotions and our subjectivity. It could speak and fall in love. It was the agent of our agency; the subject of our freedom; the entity that bore responsibility, culpability, virtue and value; and deserved to be judged, saved or damned.

The current debate on consciousness is influenced by our entrenched traditional ideas of ourselves and by the long, slow effort to update them with our new understandings of reality developed over the last three centuries. 

Despite the arrogant claims of those who say science can “explain everything,” most phenomena, from thunderstorms to protein folding, escape our full understanding. We still can’t cure the flu or accurately predict the weather two weeks ahead. We do not know the basic physical laws of the universe. And even where we are confident that we know the basic underlying natural laws, we still cannot account for what they imply. I am confident that my bicycle diligently obeys the laws of particle physics, yet those laws are useless when it breaks down. To fix it, I ask a mechanic, not a particle physicist. 

Tiffany Camhi

This month, the U.S. Department of Education began rolling out a new accountability test that most colleges and universities will soon have to pass.

The test itself is simple: If an undergraduate program’s graduates don’t earn more than workers who never went to college, that program could be cut off from federal student loans. The same goes for any graduate program whose graduates earn less than someone with only a bachelor’s degree.

“If a program cannot show that it leaves its graduates financially better off than if they had never enrolled, it should not be underwritten by federal taxpayers,” said Under Secretary of Education Nicholas Kent in a recent statement.

Sponsor Message

But this new test, known as “do no harm,” raises some thorny questions about the purpose of college. Like: Is it just about making more money?

Some advocates for postsecondary arts education think not.

“Earnings is only a small piece of that puzzle,” said Lee Ann Scotto Adams, executive director of the Strategic National Arts Alumni Project (SNAAP), a nonprofit that studies the careers of arts graduates.

Nils Gilman:

When University of California President Clark Kerr delivered the Godkin Lectures at Harvard in 1963, published shortly thereafter as The Uses of the University, he was doing something unusual for an academic administrator: he was offering a sophisticated social theory, and doing so with wit. In these lectures, Kerr coined the term “multiversity” to describe what the postwar American research university had become. In Kerr’s account, the modern university was no longer to be understood as a community of scholars united by a shared ideal of learning, but rather as a sprawling institutional conglomerate serving at once as a research engine, a job-training facility, a credentialing mechanism, a coming-of-age experience, and an incubator of the national technical elite. The University of California, which Kerr had just finished steering through a near-decade of explosive growth, was his exemplar.

Kerr was a droll man. He once observed that the three great problems facing any university president were “parking for the faculty, athletics for the alumni, and sex for the students.” He described the university faculty (and I can confirm from personal experience that this remains accurate) as “a series of individual faculty entrepreneurs held together by a common grievance over parking.” And when Ronald Reagan made good on his 1966 gubernatorial campaign promise to fire him for being too lenient with the Free Speech Movement protesters, Kerr offered one of the great farewell lines in American academic history: “I leave the University of California as I arrived: fired with enthusiasm!”

Despite the jokes, Kerr was a serious man. The argument underneath The Uses of the University was that the multiversity, precisely because of its sprawl and apparent incoherence, was the institutional master key of mid-century American civilization. It was the nexus at which basic scientific knowledge was produced, technical and professional talent was credentialed, democratic citizenship was cultivated, and the national project of technological supremacy was advanced. The multiversity didn’t need to be coherent in order to be functionally useful as a platform for what Kerr called“administering the present.” He wrote with the high modernist confidence of someone who believed that hierarchical technocratic institutions, if competently managed, could keep these various volatile elements in balance.

Kerr’s dismissal by Reagan in 1967 was, in a sense, the first indicator and warning of the crisis of the high modernist technocratic model that he championed and sought to institutionalize through the multiversity.

Edgar and Co.

When a society produces more highly educated, ambitious people than it has elite positions to hold, a frustrated class of credentialed aspirants emerges who have the training to critique the existing order and the motive to overthrow it. 

Revolutions are rarely led by the poorest. Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin was a lawyer born in an affluent family, part of Russia’s elite, and a graduate with a first-class degree. The French Revolution is predominantly associated with the poorest peasants and urban workers, the sans-culottes, rising up against the snobbish and out-of-touch elitists. Yet the core leaders of the uprising were intellectual professionals belonging to the Bourgeoisie, a term Karl Marx later used in The Communist Manifesto to describe the wealthy, privileged social class. In fact, out of the 600 delegates elected to represent the commoners (the Third Estate) in 1789, roughly half were lawyers or legal officials; even the infamous leader of the Reign of Terror, Maximilien Robespierre, was a university-educated lawyer who won a prestigious scholarship to the elite Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris. (Estates General of 1789, 2024)

Yes, they were not part of the hereditary aristocracy; however, their origins can be traced to families of merchants, doctors, local officials, and landowners. This provided them with the “Bourgeoisie Advantage”, as they possessed the disposable income required to spend months in Paris debating politics without needing to perform manual labour.

Therefore, it is rather ironic that Robespierre achieved his peak political influence by executing King Louis XVI for high treason in 1793, when just 23 years before that, he delivered a welcome address in Latin to the very man he condemned to death, whilst wearing powdered wigs, silk stockings, tailored waistcoats, and silver-buckled shoes, the immaculate style of the upper classes. Hence, we can conclude that Robespierre was undoubtedly financially and socially much closer to the aristocrats he executed than to the peasants he claimed to represent.

// My System Information on the Internet

How websites track you across the internet — without cookies, without your knowledge, and without any way to clear it.

Browser fingerprinting is a tracking technique that collects unique technical details about your browser and device to create a digital “fingerprint.” Unlike cookies, it works silently in the background, cannot be cleared by deleting your history, and continues tracking you even in incognito mode.

IP_ADDRESS64.64.116.170● VISIBLE

How Browser Fingerprinting Works

When you visit a website, your browser automatically shares certain parameters so the page displays correctly. Tracking scripts gather dozens of these signals — operating system, browser version, screen resolution, timezone, installed fonts, GPU details — and combine them into a unique identifier.

While millions of people might share one trait (like using Windows), the exact combination of all your settings is mathematically unique to you. The result is converted into a single hash — a tracking ID that follows you across sites.

Wall Street Journal:

Sooner or later the Supreme Court will no doubt want to settle, in substantive fashion, the many questions that are now being raised about how governments may regulate internet use by minors, consistent with the First Amendment. States won’t always get the balance right, and perhaps some of the laws they pass will prove easy to evade, which critics say has been the experience in Australia under its new age law for social media.

How will it go in Texas and Ohio? Who knows. Yet many frustrated and alarmed American parents are probably gratified that at least their leaders are finally trying something.

John Hillen:

The most revealing measure of U.S. competitive power isn’t found in military operations against Iran or a looming $1.5 trillion defense budget. It’s in our private economy.

SpaceX closed with a market cap larger than the gross domestic product of most nations on June 12, its first day of public trading. In the prior two weeks, Anthropic and OpenAI filed to go public, both chasing $1 trillion valuations.

These aren’t the closed deals of an insider class. SpaceX set aside nearly a third of its offering for retail buyers, and millions of Americans now own a sliver of it through index funds and 401(k)s. The spoils of the most dynamic companies on earth are spread among schoolteachers and retirees.

Nothing like this is happening in Europe or China. The U.S. drew about 64% of all venture capital worldwide in 2025, up from roughly 47% a few years earlier, and captured about 85% of global funding for AI.

Almost 80 countries run space programs, yet a single U.S. company, SpaceX, flies more than 10,000 satellites, about two-thirds of everything active in orbit. AI commands the ambition of governments on every continent, but the firms setting its pace are almost all American. In both arenas, the breakthroughs come not from a state ministry but from the inventiveness of private enterprise.

McKie, Anna

Last November, Lauren Jager, a chemistry undergraduate student at Idaho State University in Pocatello, was applying to PhD programmes when she noticed that some application portals warned students about using generative artificial-intelligence tools for their personal statements. They informed students that they would use detectors to sniff out applications that contained AI-generated text. The portals weren’t specific about which detectors they were using. But they were clear on one thing: “They said that if they felt that the personal statement had been written with AI, then they would disregard your entire application,” Jager says.

She didn’t think much of it — she hadn’t used AI at all — but a friend said they’d run their own statements through an AI detector on the Internet, just for safety. Jager decided to do the same with a few detectors she’d found online. 

“They all came back at almost 100% AI,” she says. “I started freaking out.”

Frank Bruni:

I know I’m old because I remember when a B+ was a respectable grade.

Now it’s more like an indictment. I’m a masochist if I hand down too many of those.

The students getting them may fill out negative course evaluations, which could mean empty seats in my future classes and professional grief. Some students will show up in my office to argue for a more generous appraisal, forcing uncomfortable conversations. That’s not because they’re snowflakes or brats but because they’re smart, motivated, self-protective denizens of a higher-education system in which so many professors dole out so many A’s that even an A- is a setback, and a grade-point average of 3.8 instead of a 3.9 can mean rejection from law and medical schools.

They’re just trying to keep their most deeply felt ambitions alive, and a B+ is a dagger in hope’s heart. Do I really want to wield it? And be the assassin of their dreams?

This month marks my five-year anniversary on the faculty at Duke University. I arrived as more and more Americans began to look askance at higher education, which was often cast in caricature. It’s untrue, for example, that professors tiptoe across a minefield of microaggressions, at the mercy of humorless students itching to cancel them for insufficient wokeness. The overwhelming majority of the young people I teach are just earnestly trying to figure out the world and their places in it. They’re more curious than censorious.

But grade inflation is as bad as they say, and it drains students’ transcripts of meaning, deprives professors of agency and turns schools into approval factories. We should be ashamed, and we should fix it.

Brian Fraley:

In January 2025, Dairyland Sentinel requested records from the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction related to its June 2024 Forward Exam standard-setting workshop at Chula Vista Resort in Wisconsin Dells.

We expected records. 

Instead, we found a much bigger story. It took more than a year, and it still isn’t over. Along the way, the records revealed spending, contracts, and internal practices that had never been publicly examined.

It inspired us to dig deeper and take a broader look at government transparency in Wisconsin. Over the next four months, Dairyland Sentinel reviewed press accounts, court opinions, appellate decisions, lawsuits, settlements, agency correspondence, public records and documented disputes involving Wisconsin state government dating back to late 2021.

The deeper we dug, the more familiar the stories became. None of these cases is new. What is new is seeing them together.

Different agency. Different requester. Different issue. Yet, the same roadblocks kept showing up.

Some requests sat for months, others for more than a year.

Neutrality Project:

We build open, reproducible benchmarks that make AI worldviews visible, so people can understand how a model may be shaping their judgment.

Gavin Flanders:

Over a year after UC Berkeley Haas School of Business professor Przemyslaw Jeziorski was murdered in Athens, Greece, his family is engaged in a legal battle against alleged squatters occupying his Berkeley home.

On July 4, 2025, Jeziorski was shot and killed by the boyfriend of his ex-wife, Konstantina “Nadia” Michelidaki, in the midst of a divorce and custody battle. Michelidaki was later found dead in her Athens prison cell, having died by suspected suicide.

Squatters have now allegedly taken over Jeziorski’s home on Marin Avenue, which he and Michelidaki used to rent out as an Airbnb.

“The problem with the law in California as to squatters is that there’s no legal mechanism to remove squatters from the house in a situation where they claim they have a lease,” said attorney Erin Stratte, who represents the Jeziorski family, in an email. “Even when it’s clear that the claims the squatters are making are legally impossible.”

Under California law, landlords using self-eviction through lockouts or utility shutoffs against alleged squatters are illegal, and instead, property owners must provide proper notice, usually a three-day notice to quit, before filing an unlawful detainer lawsuit.

Daniel Muijs:

Motivation has long been a ‘hot topic’ in education, seen by some (see recent claims that ‘motivation is 90% of learning’) as one, if not the key aim of teachers, and by others as merely the outcome of attainment and mastery. 

But what does research actually say? Firstly, there is a lot of it! Motivation has been and remains a very popular research topic. Secondly, what it actually means can be quite confusing. When I looked at some of the more recent meta-analyses and longitudinal studies on this, it was clear that motivation refers to a lot of different-but-related things in different studies, which is unfortunately very common in educational research. 

Greg Lukianoff

International free speech stories of the week

• [UK] Andy Burnham’s team confirms his stance on social media ban for under 16s(Birmingham Live) by James Rodger

Technology Secretary Liz Kendall previously told the BBC that an update on VPN restrictions would be coming in July. A spokeswoman for Mr Burnham told The Mirror: “Andy is committed to keeping kids safe online, and has been vocal in his support of age restrictions for kids using social media.

“He knows this ban is a critical first step to keeping kids safe online and preventing further tragedies for families. The task now is to build on the consensus across political parties to make sure it’s enforced in full, and delivered with the urgency this issue demands.”

Kathleen Castillo-Clark:

At the close of our first year of the Texas Early Literacy (TEL) Network, faculty from Angelo State University, Texas Southern University, Sul Ross State University, and the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley came together to share the work they’ve been doing to strengthen how future teachers are prepared to teach reading. Across the convening, faculty highlighted refinements to coursework, shifts in their own practice and new ways of building practice-based opportunities that give candidates authentic opportunities to analyze student data and make evidenced based instructional decisions. One of the most powerful moments came from a teacher-candidate.

Taylor Sublett, a teacher-candidate at Angelo State University, stood in front of the room and described what this work looks like from the other side of the lectern—from inside the classes faculty have been refining all year.

Reflecting on her experience in Associate Professor Leah Carruth’s “Reading Development in Elementary School” course, Sublett described an early field experience working with first-graders at a local charter school, assessing their reading levels, selecting texts, and planning lessons targeting phonemic awareness. She had encountered terms like segmenting, blending, encoding…..

Alison Wolf:

London was once awash with apprentices. They poured into the city from across the country: at Elizabeth I’s death, they made up over 10 per cent of the entire city population. Fifty years and a civil war later, London had doubled in size, and historians estimate that a quarter of its population had at some point served an apprenticeship.

Apprentices lived as well as trained with their apprenticeship masters. They often made trouble and quite often rioted. They also became skilled journeymen and often employers in their turn, either in London or back in the provinces. The whole system feels surprisingly like the modern university sector, in which young people move en masse across the country, seeking degrees as the passport to good jobs, and with the pull of London as strong as ever.

Or rather, the two did feel similar, until very recently. Because in today’s uncertain economy, degrees are losing their glitter. The average “graduate premium” — the amount that a degree adds to your earnings — is falling, and among young graduates, pessimism about the future is rising. But what alternative is there to university?

Lily Ottinger

Pilot schools in China are already using AI to grade children’s artwork, monitor their facial expressions during lectures, and screen them for psychological problems — and the Ministry of Education (MOE) wants schools across the country to follow suit.1

Integrating AI into the education system has rapidly become a top priority of the Chinese central government, which is betting that AI tools can eliminate China’s vast educational inequities and make the next generation of workers more productive. The State Council highlighted education as a key area of focus in the “AI+” plan, it received a shout-out in the 15th Five-Year Plan, and in May 2025, the Ministry of Education (MOE) released a white paper on AI for education.2 This MOE document proclaims that 2025 marks the dawn of an era (“智慧教育元年”), the beginning of a system-wide effort to “intelligentize” 智能化 education using AI tools. The MOE’s goal: universalize basic AI access in primary and secondary schools by 2030. Industry received that signal and responded rapidly, with Alibaba Cloud releasing its own AI+education white paper the following month.3 But the gap between Beijing’s (and Hangzhou’s) techno-optimism and rural China’s reality is enormous.

This report explores why the Party wants to integrate AI into education, what applications the MOE is most optimistic about, and where the barriers to successful rollout lie. We’ll limit our analysis to K-12 education today, but university AI initiatives will be the focus of our next report in this series!

AP News

Kids in Lower Merion school district in Pennsylvania get iPads starting in kindergarten, switch to Chromebooks in second grade and get their own MacBooks in eighth grade. Hundreds of parents signed a petition asking to preserve their ability to opt their children out of using digital devices during the school day. The school district has pushed back, saying it’s not feasible to let hundreds of students opt out of technology that is essential to the curriculum.

Scott Johnson:

If you mean that Omar and Elmi only lived together for a year or two after they were married, why don’t you say so? You know that she only got around to dissolving the marriage last year as she was preparing for bigger things.

You only describe describe Elmi as “a British citizen.” Where and when did they meet? Was he a British citizen at the time she married him?

Am I wrong in thinking that if Omar were an up and coming heroine of the conservative movement you might take a closer look at the question of who Ahmed Nur Said Elmi is and why Omar has treated the issue of her marriage to him as a public relations crisis about which she refuses to talk to the media (other than her extremely misleading comments to the City Pages reporter in 2016)?

I don’t understand your treatment of her marriage to husband number 1 either. As you know, she says that she married him “culturally” in 2002. You note that she has three children with him. You don’t note that she has lived with him since 2002 or that she has held him out at all times as her husband, although you do note that she got around to marrying him legally this year — again, as she was preparing for bigger things. You only describe him as “her current husband.”

——

More.

The Snow Report:

I am not the first to write about the fact that education has a fraught and not very pretty history when it comes to generating, critiquing, and applying rigorous evidence in order to maximise student academic and wellbeing outcomes. Examples of this commentary can be found here, here and here. Way back in 1996, David Hargreaves observed in a Teacher Training Agency Annual Lecture in London, that 

“Teaching is not at present a research-based profession. I have no doubt that if it were, teaching would be more effective and more satisfying”.

In 2000, Dr Louisa Moats commented that 

“Unfortunately, lack of rigor and respect for evidence in reading education are reinforced by the passivity of education leaders who feel that any idea that can muster a vigorous advocate is legitimate and deserves to be aired”. 

Dr Moats was discussing reading instruction, but her words are no less applicable to other curriculum areas, most notably mathematics instruction.

Roshan Fernandez

Washington University in St. Louis is eliminating an optional essay to reduce applicants’ stress. 

A select group of colleges is making it easier to apply—but probably harder to get in. 

Top schools including Tulane University, Washington University in St. Louis and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill are reducing the number of essays applicants have to submit. Colleges say that they are trying to ease students’ stress, and that artificial intelligence has made it harder to tell whether students are actually doing the writing.

Robert Maranto:

Don’t regulate private schools — deregulate public schools.

The backlash to how traditional public schools handled Covid turned the first half of the 2020s into the half-decade of school choice, but now, the public education empire is striking back.

In this year’s midterm elections, in states including Arizona, Iowa, and my own Arkansas, school-choice opponents are arguing that to (indirectly, via parent choice) get taxpayer funds, “accountability” requires saddling private schools with public-school regulations. This may sound good at first blush, but it has it exactly backward: Instead of crushing private schools with more red tape, we should empower public schools with less.

School-choice skeptics claim more regulations mean more …

Drew Holden:

Falling trust in elections isn’t a new problem. Until the mid-1800s, individual states set their own election timelines and were required only to schedule their votes within a 34-day window set by Congress. The loose rules created chaos, chief amongst them concerns around voter fraud, which eventually came to a head in the 1840s. As members of the House of Representatives argued in 1844, reform was needed “to guard against frauds in the elections of President and Vice President.” Sound familiar?

There were also concerns about early voting and how those returns could undermine turnout and even shift voters’ decisions in states with later elections. The advent of the electric telegraph also meant that earlier voters would be deprived of new information about events and candidates in an increasingly connected country.

To allay these concerns, Congress in 1845 passed what has come to be known as the Presidential Election Day Act to “establish a uniform time for holding elections for members of the House of Representatives, and for electors of President and Vice President, in all the States of the Union.”

The spirit of that law governed U.S. elections thereafter. “For nearly two centuries, Americans understood elections to be events conducted on a single, defined Election Day,” Trey Trainor, a former commissioner of the Federal Elections Commission, explained to me. “While absentee voting existed in limited circumstances, widespread post-Election Day ballot collection and counting was not the norm. That expectation gave voters confidence that everyone was participating under the same rules and within the same timeframe.”

——-

James Hankins:

Apart from the trust issue, Americans shouldn’t be voting before election debates have even taken place and before election season is over. Small-d democratic deliberation (a contradiction in terms for pre-American republics) requires open, lengthy, and public debate that engages the full attention of the electorate. The ratification debates over the Constitution should be the standard. Early voting in September cuts short that process and encourages people to vote their prejudices rather than making considered judgements.

Mary Harrington

The age of post-literacy is upon us. The dismayed warnings from teachers and professors have been growing in volume for some years; now, The Atlanticreports in its latest cover story that one Harvard student needed a set text translated from “Old English” in order to read it. The book in question? A Clockwork Orange.

The digital revolution, author Rose Horowitch argues, completes a trajectory predicted from the mid-20th century by writers such as Marshall McLuhan, Walter Ong, and Neil Postman: the end of mass literacy, and with it much of the normative culture we take for granted. Horowitch musters literacy scholars, critics, and doom-sayers to warn that this transformation will change the way we think — that it will usher in a less rational, more demagogic political culture. Her argument goes that this is, in effect, a new burning of the Library of Alexandria.

All this is right. But beyond a gesture at Trumpian rhetoric, Horowitch balks at thinking through in any detail the political implications of the new digital post-literacy. In fact, this is its central feature, and its implications are less revolutionary than astonishingly reactionary, in ways that make even the most staunch conservative look like a squashy Leftist.

The end of mass literacy means the degradation of every large-scale transformation that formed the modern world, from secularism to industrial technology, nation-states and democracy. A post-literate polity is less rationalistic, meaning it’s also more willing to believe in curses, demons and Satanic pedophile rings. No wonder, perhaps, that from “WitchTok” to hipster Catholicism to apocalyptic AI, a supernova of religious and crypto-religious phenomena has left bewildered commentators wondering what happened to “New Atheism” and the world of science and reason it promised.

——-

“application bloat”

2026-2027 Madison K-12 $pending continues to grow, fueled by a 9.7% (!) property tax increase. Total spending will be at least $706,000,000 for 25,003 students, or $28,236 per student.

May 2026 Madison School District Presentation: 7,095 adults for 25,003 students (3.52 students per adult!)

Early Literacy Screener Map.

Map: Foundations of Reading Results: 2015–2024

Where have all the students gone?

More. Act 20.

3,887 Madison 4 year old to third grade students scored lower than 75% of the students in the national comparison group.

Madison taxpayers have long supported far above average k-12 tax & $pending. This despite our long term, disastrous reading results. May, 2026: 7,095 Staff for 25,003 students; $pending > $26k per student!

Madison Schools: More $, No Accountability

The taxpayer funded Madison School District long used Reading Recovery…

The data clearly indicate that being able to read is not a requirement for graduation at (Madison) East, especially if you are black or Hispanic”

A.B.T.: “Ain’t been taught.”

My Question to Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers on Teacher Mulligans and our Disastrous Reading Results

2017: West High Reading Interventionist Teacher’s Remarks to the School Board on Madison’s Disastrous Reading Results 

Madison’s taxpayer supported K-12 school district, despite spending far more than most, has long tolerated disastrous reading results.

“An emphasis on adult employment”

Wisconsin Public Policy Forum Madison School District Report[PDF]

WEAC: $1.57 million for Four Wisconsin Senators

Friday Afternoon Veto: Governor Evers Rejects AB446/SB454; an effort to address our long term, disastrous reading results

Booked, but can’t read (Madison): functional literacy, National citizenship and the new face of Dred Scott in the age of mass incarceration.

When A Stands for Average: Students at the UW-Madison School of Education Receive Sky-High Grades. How Smart is That?

Brian Blase:

There is vitally important info missing from mainstream media stories on ACA premium increases.

1) Subsidized enrollees don’t pay the increases
2) Nearly 90% of enrollees are subsidized

This figure shows that taxpayers have borne almost all the premium increases over time.

Parent Check:

AI

Adapted from “Resisting AI Mania in Schools” by Anne Lutz Fernandez

K-12 educators are under pressure to use—and have students use—a wide range of AI tools. Even those who envision benefits to schools of this fast-evolving category of tech should approach the well-funded AI-in-education campaign with skepticism and caution. Some of the main arguments for teachers using AI tools and introducing students to AI as early as kindergarten are questionable or fallacious. 

​

Argument: “Schools need to prepare students for the jobs of the future.”

Counterargument:

• The skills employers seek haven’t changed much over decades and include a lot of “soft skills” such as initiative, problem-solving, communication, and critical thinking. 
• Growing research shows using generative AI can degrade these key skills and inhibit learning.
• We don’t know what the jobs of the future will be. Companies don’t know how AI might transform their businesses, and 95% of those that have invested in GenAI are so far “getting zero return.” 
   

Argument: “AI is a tool, just like a calculator.”

Counterargument:

• Calculators don’t provide factually wrong answers, but AI tools have.
• Calculators don’t provide dangerous, even deadly feedback.
• Calculators aren’t potentially addictive and don’t encourage repeated use by flattering, directing, or manipulating.
• A far better analogue: a smartphone. More states and schools are restricting or banning phones in classrooms—once touted as an encyclopedia in a kid’s pocket— because they can be addictive and impede attention, engagement, learning. It doesn’t seem adults should have to learn the lesson twice and so soon: let a technology proliferate in schools by ignoring its risks until well after harm is done. 
   

Argument: “Students are already using AI, so we have to teach them ethical use.”

Counterargument: Students can be educated on the ethics of AI without encouraging use of AI tools. They can be taught, as part of media literacy and social media safety programs, about AI’s potential as well as how it can enable predation, perpetuate bias, and spread disinformation. They should be taught the risks of AI and its social, economic, and environmental costs. Giving a nod to these issues while integrating AI throughout schools sends a strong message: the schools don’t really care and neither should students.

​

Steven Sinofsky:

Two students brought computers to the exam in Alan Dershowitz’s criminal law class. Mid-exam a note was passed to the Dean of Students. The brave computer user who sought no special permission to use a computer—not because they were a hero or rule breaker but because using a computer seemed as obvious as using a calculator in math class—instead of a typewriter was summoned to the Dean’s office. In a follow-up meeting the student was given permission to use a computer while a hearing was scheduled. The primary concern it seemed was the anxiety the computer created for other students with regard to fairness. The hearing was months off.

First the story was written about in the Harvard Law Record. Then the Wall Street Journal picked up the story, March 23, 1982, with the title of the front page story quoting one of the computer users “Will Computer Memories Replace Notes on the Shirt Cuff in Exams?” Then, Time Magazine covered the story:

This was huge news among a tiny set of very interested people, myself included. Computers were new and scary, but the world was optimistic. Time Magazine had yet to announce the computer as “Machine of the Year” (December 1982) but the world was abuzz with the potential of a computer in every home and on every desk. Atari sold twice as many computers as the next leading company, Radio Shack, both more than either Apple (279,000 units) or IBM (240,000.) Literally almost no one had a computer with about 1.8M units sold collectively worldwide since 1977.

Leanne Suter

County officials said LAUSD is projected to be more than $230 million in the hole by November of next year. In response, the county superintendent has appointed a fiscal expert and given the school board 45 days to fix its budget.

“I think it might actually be a good thing to have a, sort of like a neutral pair of eyes on the LAUSD budget,” said Nicolle Fefferman, co-founder of Parents Supporting Teachers.

Officials cited massive union contracts estimated to cost more than $1 billion annually, along with declining enrollment and reduced state funding, as factors contributing to a growing deficit and the possibility of state oversight.

“Worst case scenario is the state takes over and this goes under receivership under the state, and that takes a long time to get out of and it is really hard to maintain any control over curriculum, over class size,” Bacall said.

New LAUSD Superintendent Andrés Chait sought to reassure families and staff, saying in a statement: “We welcome the opportunity to collaborate and remain focused on making thoughtful, responsible decisions that protect classroom instruction and student success.”

——-

More.

——-

It is rather interesting that the District’s budget page begins with deficit data. The first total $pending number displayed is stale: $18,800,000,000 for 2023-2024…. and this post is written in July, 2026. That yields $34,213 per student where Madison is currently $28,236.

The District mentions 549,487 students in a “fingertip facts” document along with 83,307 employees. That is one per 6.59 students, nearly double Madison!

Curiosly, the “fingertip facts” document only mentions part of the k-12 District’s budget.

Kyle Saunders:

Suppose you graduate this spring with a 4.0 from the most famous university in America, and you apply for a job at a software company owned by Vista Equity Partners. Before anyone reads your resume with much interest, you will sit the Criteria Cognitive Aptitude Test: fifty questions, fifteen minutes. You’ll also complete a personality profile. Everyone does. When Vista buys a company, every employee and every applicant takes the test (at the last public count, roughly 125,000 test-takers for 6,000 hires). And if your score comes back looking too good, they may ask you to sit it again, in a room, with someone watching.

A reader, Frank Hecker, pointed me to Vista in the comments on The Sanctioned Hack, and I really haven’t found a better image for where higher education actually stands. A private equity firm looks at a Harvard transcript — the most expensive quality signal American civilization produces — and declines to believe it.

So it built its own credential. Then it looks at its own credential and declines to fully believe that, which is why the retest exists. Somewhere in that hiring workflow is everything this piece is about.

When a credential stops signaling, the signal doesn’t disappear. It migrates.

Right now it’s migrating in two directions at once, and the fight over which direction wins (more precisely: who gets stuck with which) runs underneath a month of higher-ed news that’s mostly been covered as separate items.

My argument: they’re one item.

By Joanna Hou

Fourth grade gave Maika a headache.

It’s not the curriculum at Richmond Elementary School, where Maika is part of the school’s Japanese dual immersion program. It’s the computers.

Maika describes jam-packed school days of six hours and 30 minutes, with time blocked out for everything from fractions to kanji, the core of the Japanese writing system. And as it turned out, Maika spent a good bulk of the school day on computers; in the classroom, they estimate they clocked three to four hours of screen time each day. 

That’s well above the amount of time Portland Public Schools officials estimate elementary school students should spend on screens. At a June 15 School Board meeting, Dr. Renard Adams, the district’s chief accountability and equity officer, discussed screen time expectations around the district’s math curriculum facilitated by learning software i-Ready. Adams said screen time on the platform for elementary schoolers shouldn’t exceed 40 minutes a week. 

Maika says that standard doesn’t match the reality at Richmond. “That’s not true,” Maika said, when presented with the expected limit.

Maika’s not a fan of computers. Oftentimes, software programs provided only one explanation for how to solve a problem in math when Maika really needed to be shown another way to thoroughly understand. There have also been physical consequences: Maika’s eyes are often dry at school, and lights from the screen trigger headaches. 

“[Screen time] is getting more and more,” Maika says. “I don’t like it. It’s weird. I don’t understand a bunch of it. My math was getting a bit bad because of the Chromebooks, I think, and then when I did it with my dad, he helped me.”

Russel Cook:

She’s gotten away with all she puts out because nobody major – such as a potential reference to her authoritative assertions within arguments at a Supreme Court hearing – has ever illustrated just how hugely crippling the problem is.

Case in point is her 2024 University of Rhode Island presentation on (ironically titled) “Democracy in Peril,” in which her focus was on how ‘disinformation is a key factor eroding Democratic trust and transparency.’ That, coming from a person who’s real goal since 2004 has been to erode trust in the credibility of skeptic climate scientists through outright disinformation. It’s breathtaking to see this in action:

10:12 point, the host’s introduction: … Using diverse examples from corporate profit motives to public health crises, she examines how elites often purposefully use disinformation to undermine trust and to distort public understanding. Without sound information to draw upon, the core foundation of democracy, that people are the best judges of their own interests, is undermined.

If the bit there isn’t the perfect psychological projection of exactly what the enviro-activist elites themselves have done throughout the entire collective global warming issue, I don’t know what better summation could be made. By way of example, the PBS NewsHour news outlet has never provided its viewing audience with sound information on the issue, but has withheld vital information on it – the entire skeptic scientists side – for around three decades. This presentation here, meanwhile, couldn’t even get far enough along to actually have her speak before telegraphing exactly how she accuses others of doing exactly what she does.

12:52, Naomi Oreskes: … I think we all know that in the long run, denial makes things worse …

Anna Mathur: 

Research shows that for those of us with ADHD, or tired from chronic stress and poor sleep, the pull of the phone is really strong. Impulse control is a frontal lobe function, and that part of our brain weakens when we are tired or overwhelmed. I was going through perimenopause, which makes it harder still as oestrogen declines and the brain becomes more reward-seeking.

I promised to limit my use, but I’d break my own rules every time. So I stopped relying on willpower and downloaded an app called App Block. I cannot access social media or my email during the hours my children are home, and I have 15 minutes to check in once they’re in bed. If I need to do something for work, I go to my laptop, which feels far more intentional.

What I didn’t expect was how much calmer I would feel. The low hum of overstimulation I had normalised turned out to be costing me more than I knew. My nervous system finally had room to breathe. I was less irritable, more present, in a way that didn’t require effort.

MIT Press Reader

Long before AI, teaching machines promised to make education more efficient. Their forgotten history reveals why that dream keeps falling short.

When entrepreneurs talk about innovation in education, their ideas tend to orbit around two seductive promises: automation and personalization. They claim that new technologies — such as tablets, adaptive learning, and classroom management software — will relieve teachers of administrative drudgery while allowing students to learn independently. But as Audrey Watters argues, this vision of the automated, individualized classroom is not new at all; in fact, it is an age-old fantasy, repackaged again and again for successive generations.

In her book “Teaching Machines,” Watters chronicles the little-known history of the 20th-century classroom devices that gave the book its title: machines designed to automate instruction, deliver instant feedback, and let students move through lessons on their own. The earliest version was developed in 1924 by psychologist Sidney L. Pressey, whose “Automatic Teacher” presented students with multiple-choice questions and recorded their answers. The promise of Pressey’s device, however, was derailed by the Great Depression. Three decades later, the famed psychologist B. F. Skinner developed a teaching machine of his own, shaped by his controversial theories of behaviorism — the idea that human learning can be molded through external repetition and reinforcement. But in the end, Skinner’s invention failed to survive the machinery of corporate bureaucracy and a broader culture wary of mechanizing the classroom.

Vivek Sen:

PALANTIR CTO:

“FOR $10 BILLION, ELON MUSK PUT 300 ROCKETS IN ORBIT.”

“FOR $11 BILLION, THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA HAS BUILT 1,600 FEET OF ELEVATED RAIL…

WITH NO RAIL.”

———

2026-2027 Madison K-12 $pending continues to grow, fueled by a 9.7% (!) property tax increase. Total spending will be at least $706,000,000 for 25,003 students, or $28,236 per student.

Healthcare cost are putting an extreme pressure on school districts’ finances ($94,500,000 in Madison!). “Application bloat” as well, along with curious curriculumand related costs.

May 2026 Madison School District Presentation: 7,095 adults for 25,003 students (3.52 students per adult!)

Early Literacy Screener Map.

Map: Foundations of Reading Results: 2015–2024

Where have all the students gone?

More. Act 20.

3,887 Madison 4 year old to third grade students scored lower than 75% of the students in the national comparison group.

Madison taxpayers have long supported far above average k-12 tax & $pending. This despite our long term, disastrous reading results. May, 2026: 7,095 Staff for 25,003 students; $pending > $26k per student!

Madison Schools: More $, No Accountability

The taxpayer funded Madison School District long used Reading Recovery…

The data clearly indicate that being able to read is not a requirement for graduation at (Madison) East, especially if you are black or Hispanic”

A.B.T.: “Ain’t been taught.”

My Question to Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers on Teacher Mulligans and our Disastrous Reading Results

2017: West High Reading Interventionist Teacher’s Remarks to the School Board on Madison’s Disastrous Reading Results 

Madison’s taxpayer supported K-12 school district, despite spending far more than most, has long tolerated disastrous reading results.

“An emphasis on adult employment”

Wisconsin Public Policy Forum Madison School District Report[PDF]

WEAC: $1.57 million for Four Wisconsin Senators

Friday Afternoon Veto: Governor Evers Rejects AB446/SB454; an effort to address our long term, disastrous reading results

Booked, but can’t read (Madison): functional literacy, National citizenship and the new face of Dred Scott in the age of mass incarceration.

When A Stands for Average: Students at the UW-Madison School of Education Receive Sky-High Grades. How Smart is That?

Ike Swetlitz:

People buying Obamacare health insurance face double-digit premium increases in 2027 for the second year in a row, intensifying the affordability squeeze that’s led millions to stop signing up for coverage.

Insurers are proposing to raise premiums by a median of 14% next year, according to an analysisof rate requests in more than a dozen states by the health policy group KFF. In 2026, premiums in the Affordable Care Act market jumped 20%.

——-

Healthcare cost are putting an extreme pressure on school districts’ finances ($94,500,000 in Madison!). “Application bloat” as well, along with curious curriculumand related costs.

———

The government encourages higher prices through policy.

Charles Tyson:

Do you hear the bells? Reading’s death knell is being tolled again by critics, teachers, and authors, in books and essays that turn an expectant face toward their own oblivion. Intellectuals and moralists have long worried about people reading the wrong things, or reading in the wrong way, or not reading enough. But this time, the alarm may be justified.

Mass readerships first emerged in the nineteenth century due to the happy coincidence of several factors. These included “public school systems, cheap wood-pulp paper, browsable bookstores, and taxpayer-funded libraries,” Leah Price writes in her 2019 study What We Talk About When We Talk About Books . Today, there is a darker convergence of trends.

There is a crisis in education: misguided techniques for teaching literacy and the overhauling of curricula in response to standardized testing have imperiled the formation of a new generation of readers. College costs have pressed humanities enrollments downward, as students assume that the humanities offer poor job prospects.

There is a crisis in culture. The stranglehold that tech companies exercise over public life through addictive devices and media platforms has sidelined the literary. The constant stream of ephemeral media might numb a moment’s boredom or nudge you to buy a product, but the clamor of algorithmically targeted content tends to drown thought, not inspire it.

Meanwhile, conservative politicians have taken an interest in literature in the same way we take an interest in a mosquito that whines in our ear before we squash it. Florida, Iowa, and other states banned, in total, more than 10,000 books last year in public schools. In the United Kingdom, some 773 libraries closed during Britain’s decade of austerity. Relentless attacks painting the humanities as effete left-wing nonsense have eroded public support for these fields of study.

Matthew Futterman:

“I had, like, maybe six, seven, eight hobbies that I was focusing on,” she said in a news conference. “It was never mainly tennis. I had all the gymnastics, all the horse riding, just all the sports in the world because my parents were very into any sort of movement.”

It doesn’t take an expert in parenting or athletic development to hear a lesson in all that. This is the era of youth sports specialization, of children being told to pick a sport (or to have one chosen for them) when they are barely starting school. Then they switch to home-schooling and build their lives around trying to become a future champion, even if the numbers are stacked against them.

Navratilova, who has had her own détente with her native country, said in an interview last year that girls who pursue tennis in the Czech Republic experience a different kind of coaching than the children she sees growing up in Florida, one of the world capitals of tennis development.

In the U.S., Navratilova, said, young players spend countless hours doing drills, learning how to bash a clean ball that’s fed to them by a coach standing next to shopping cart on the other side of the net. In the Czech Republic, she said, children are mostly playing points and games and sets from a young age.

From the beginning, they learn to construct points instead of simply hit balls. They learn to compete, through the ebbs and flows of sets and matches. They learn how to dissect an opponent with their own tools and skills. And they do it largely on clay, which only accelerates and exaggerates that development.

After beating Bartůňková, 20, who has the deceptive power to go with finesse that can make a player so dangerous, Krejčíková described what it’s like to develop in the world that Navratilova described.

Josh Centers:

The British cybernetician Stafford Beer (1926-2002) gave us the right lens for all of this. He compressed a lifetime of studying organizations into one blunt dictum: The purpose of a system is what it does. Not what it intends, not what its mission statement declares. Beer wrote that there is no point in claiming that a system’s purpose is “to do what it constantly fails to do.”2Judge the system by its output.Subscribe

The stated purpose of American schooling is to teach children to read. Its output, sustained across decades and undisturbed by any reform or budget, is children who have been deliberately dumbed down.

Faced with falling comprehension, the system did not prescribe more books. It prescribed fewer. We need not claim that any committee of villains planned this. Nobody planned the death of Alexandria either. By Beer’s rule, intent does not enter into it: A system that reliably produces non-readers is a system for producing non-readers. That is what it does. That is its purpose.

You may find this bleak, but this cuts both ways.

Your household is also a system, and its purpose is also what it does. Not what you intend for your evenings, not the values written on the refrigerator, but what actually happens between dinner and bed. If the evening reliably produces two hours of screens, that is what your evening is for, whatever anyone meant by it. But if the evening reliably produces twenty minutes of a real book read aloud, you are running a system that produces readers, and no administrator, no curriculum, and no algorithm on earth can reach a child inside it.

Horowitch is proof herself, though she buries it near the end: Her father read aloud to her nearly every night, all the way through middle school. The writer announcing the end of the age of reading is the product of a house that produced a reader.

This is why we say that reading is rebellion. A free man is one who cannot be controlled. A slave is not allowed to read. The school system will go on doing what it does. The question in front of you is smaller than the system and far more powerful: What does your house do?

——-

“application bloat”

2026-2027 Madison K-12 $pending continues to grow, fueled by a 9.7% (!) property tax increase. Total spending will be at least $706,000,000 for 25,003 students, or $28,236 per student.

May 2026 Madison School District Presentation: 7,095 adults for 25,003 students (3.52 students per adult!)

Early Literacy Screener Map.

Map: Foundations of Reading Results: 2015–2024

Where have all the students gone?

More. Act 20.

3,887 Madison 4 year old to third grade students scored lower than 75% of the students in the national comparison group.

Madison taxpayers have long supported far above average k-12 tax & $pending. This despite our long term, disastrous reading results. May, 2026: 7,095 Staff for 25,003 students; $pending > $26k per student!

Madison Schools: More $, No Accountability

The taxpayer funded Madison School District long used Reading Recovery…

The data clearly indicate that being able to read is not a requirement for graduation at (Madison) East, especially if you are black or Hispanic”

A.B.T.: “Ain’t been taught.”

My Question to Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers on Teacher Mulligans and our Disastrous Reading Results

2017: West High Reading Interventionist Teacher’s Remarks to the School Board on Madison’s Disastrous Reading Results 

Madison’s taxpayer supported K-12 school district, despite spending far more than most, has long tolerated disastrous reading results.

“An emphasis on adult employment”

Wisconsin Public Policy Forum Madison School District Report[PDF]

WEAC: $1.57 million for Four Wisconsin Senators

Friday Afternoon Veto: Governor Evers Rejects AB446/SB454; an effort to address our long term, disastrous reading results

Booked, but can’t read (Madison): functional literacy, National citizenship and the new face of Dred Scott in the age of mass incarceration.

When A Stands for Average: Students at the UW-Madison School of Education Receive Sky-High Grades. How Smart is That?

Aaron Churchill

This June, the Texas State Board of Education adoptednew social studies standards and a required literature reading list for its public schools. These changes follow Texas’s 2024 release of its “Bluebonnet” curriculum, a package of instructional resources for elementary school, which sparked controversy over the inclusion of Bible stories in the reading materials.

Bible stories, canonical books, and “patriotic” social studies standards have each invited familiar charges of culture-war excess. Perhaps. But look again—and look at these three things together.

Taken together, these initiatives suggest something more consequential than conservative provocation. Texas appears to be developing a coherent theory of education: Knowledge is cumulative, literacy depends on background knowledge, and language proficiency has an unavoidable cultural valence, meaning that it reflects the knowledge a speech community shares and assumes its members possess. Furthermore, Texas’s theory of education assumes that public education is obligated to equip every child with the knowledge, language, habits, and skills needed for full and effective participation in America’s civic, cultural, and economic life.

Texas may not have gotten every curricular choice right. But it appears to know what it thinks education is for. That alone distinguishes it from much of American schooling.

Start with the state’s new social studies standards. Their most striking feature is not their ideological orientation but their specificity and architecture. In the early grades, children learn stories, people, places, events, and traditions. Beginning in third grade, the standards become broadly chronological, moving from ancient civilizations through Greece and Rome, the medieval world, the Renaissance and Reformation, the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment, European colonization, the American Revolution, and the Constitution. The standards explicitly call for concepts to be embedded in stories and historical content in order to “create schema for understanding.”

This is a significant departure from the way American education often thinks about social studies—and education more broadly. For decades, schools have been encouraged to focus on skills: critical thinking, problem solving, analysis, collaboration, and, in literacy, comprehension strategies such as finding the main idea, making inferences, and identifying the author’s purpose. The tacit assumption is that the particular content used to practice these skills is negotiable and interchangeable.

Montgomery Brea:

I am a lifelong, committed Democrat. I have voted for and donated to this party consistently, including to Gov. Tim Walz. It is precisely because of that loyalty that I am writing this — not out of partisan opportunism, but out of genuine anger.

On June 10, the Minnesota Board of Pardons — Gov. Walz, Attorney General Keith Ellison, and Chief Justice Natalie Hudson — voted to erase the felony sexual assault conviction of Tou Lue Vang, a man who raped a 10-year-old child more than 20 years ago. Vang had admitted to sexually abusing the girl over roughly two years, and at one point tried to justify it by invoking cultural norms in Thailand, where he was born in a refugee camp. The pardon came only after Vang faced imminent deportation, having been detained by ICE during a recent enforcement operation. There is no immigration policy, no political calculation and no procedural justification that makes this acceptable.

What has disgusted me even more than the pardon itself is watching fellow Democrats rush to justify it — not as a hard call, but as an act of compassion, framing it as sparing a family from separation. I understand the emotional pull of that argument. Vang has a wife and six children. But a man does not get to invoke the family he built while free to argue his way out of the consequences of raping a child. That argument should never have carried the day, and it should not be carrying water for Democrats now.

——-

Tim Walz had a choice.

Protect an innocent girl, or protect the illegal immigrant who assaulted her.

He chose the predator.

Secretary Rubio and ICE cleaned up his mess and rightfully removed him from this country.

——-

Which brings us to U.S. Sen. Amy Klobuchar, the Democratic nominee for Minnesota governor this year.

In the very last sentence of its news story on the deportation, the Star Tribune quoted a statement from Klobuchar on Friday,

María García-Garrido:

In this preregistered systematic review, we identified 198 studies, of which 114 provided sufficient quantitative data for meta-analysis. Across these studies, the Montessori method was associated with nominally positive and conventionally large, pooled effects on learning outcomes in pretest–posttest and posttest-only designs. However, these estimates were characterized by extreme between-study heterogeneity, substantial small-study effects, and clear indications of publication bias, which substantially limited their robustness and interpretability. Methodological limitations, including inconsistent reporting of implementation fidelity, low transparency, and limited experimental control, further constrained the generalizability of the findings. By combining design-sensitive modeling, multimethod bias diagnostics, and an operational framework for Montessori fidelity, this review advances a metascientific perspective on the credibility of evidence in education research. Overall, the results indicate that the large average effects reported in the literature are largely attributable to structural weaknesses of the evidence base rather than to robust educational impacts, underscoring the need for greater methodological rigor, preregistration, and open data to strengthen cumulative knowledge about Montessori education.

Neetu Arnold:

While criticisms of gifted education are not new, they have grown increasingly absurd. In New York, writer Katie Arnold-Ratliff, for example, recently questioned whether student giftedness was a myth. She originallytried to argue that gifted programs were pointless because “only 12.3 percent” of gifted students in a study “reached a level of eminence” by age 50, meaning “88 percent never” reached extraordinary levels of success such as becoming Fortune 500 executives or award-winning journalists.

Arnold-Ratliff’s article, however, represents the last gasp of a failed experiment. Attempts to replace gifted and talented programs with more “equitable” initiatives have proved damaging to both high-achieving kids and students struggling academically. Thankfully, some school districts are starting to reverse course.

Finally, a reason to check your email.

Jill Barshay:

When ChatGPT arrived in late 2022, educators quickly asked whether students would use artificial intelligence to cheat, learn or simply get through homework more efficiently. Evidence is beginning to point toward a troubling answer: Many students appear to be completing assignments faster while learning less from them.

This conclusion comes from one of the largest studies of how generative AI is changing student behavior and academic skills. Sina Rismanchian, a doctoral student at the University of California, Irvine, partnered with researchers at McGraw Hill to analyze millions of student interactions with ALEKS, an online math platform used by more than four million students a year, from fifth grade through college. Because ALEKS includes both low-stakes practice problems and college placement tests, the researchers were able to compare how students behaved and performed before and after ChatGPT’s arrival.

To isolate AI’s effects, the researchers compared two kinds of math problems that differ in how easily students can outsource them to AI: word problems and graphing problems.

Word problems can be copied and pasted directly into AI chatbots for instant answers. Graphing problems are far more cumbersome. A student would need to upload a screenshot and still recreate the graph inside ALEKS using its tools.

After ChatGPT’s launch, student behavior and performance on the two types of problems began to diverge. 

Colin Schultz; Updated by Meilan Solly:

Despite its nearly 1,000-year  history, Oxford in many way feels like a product of our time. You can still enroll at the English university. You can still attend Merton College.

The Aztec civilization of central Mexico, on the other hand, feels anchored in the more distant past. Archaeologists dig up Aztec ruins, and  museums stage exhibitions about the Mexica, as the Mesoamerican people are also known. But the dawn of the Aztec civilization, marked by the founding of the city of Tenochtitlán at Lake Texcoco—now Mexico City—didn’t arrive until 1325, 229 years after teaching began at Oxford. A 1428 alliance between Tenochtitlán and its neighboring states of Texcoco and Tlacopan cemented the Mexica’s dominance, giving rise to the Aztec Empire.

Spanish forces and their Indigenous allies captured Tenochtitlán in 1521, bringing the Aztec Empire’s reign to a close after less than a century. The White House, whose cornerstone was laid in 1792, has been standing longer than the Aztecs presided over their capital.

This comparison isn’t intended to pit civilizations against each other. But it offers an interesting way of thinking about just how skewed our understanding of history really is. Most people have timelines in their heads that are distorted and compressed, and they don’t always match up with reality.

Julie’s R Cartwright:

Deeper Dive.

Carolyn Gorman:

The percentage of students with disabilities is inversely related to how elite the higher education setting is.

Obviously something is wrong with what’s happening here.

Tyler Cowen:

How does socialism hurt the young? More than a century of experience should make the answer obvious. The record of capitalist democracies is strong, whereas socialist countries such as Cuba, North Korea, and Eritrea have floundered economically and failed to protect individual rights.

Yet a rising generation of Americans has managed to unlearn this lesson, and are backing a spate of candidates who will reinject socialist ideas into the political mainstream. Antipathy toward Israel and so-called “oligarchs” are the animating issues of these campaigns. But once elected, these voters and candidates will push the Democratic Party to enact programs such as Medicare for All, adding a thick layer of centralization and redistribution to the top of the U.S. economy. In the long run, the brunt of this economic damage won’t be borne by the billionaires who are so often the targets of socialist attacks. Instead, it will fall on the young enthusiasts of socialism who are driving the trend.

Nowhere is the risk of socialist harm to the young clearer than in healthcare—the very issue on which so many progressive voters are demanding radical reforms. That’s because we are currently in a boom of medical and pharmaceutical innovation, and when radical innovation is emerging, capitalist economies outperform socialist ones by even more than usual. This was true for the information technology revolutions of the 1980s, when America outpaced the Soviet Union, and it is proving true today as healthcare becomes more about innovation, AI, and information technology.

Marble:

The open map of primary school, built from the US and UK curriculums.

1590 concepts and 3221 prerequisite links, from first words to algebra. Every link says what must come first, and why. Tap any dot to see everything a learner must master before it.

Ford Fischer

A mini-documentary on a month-long argument over what it means to be a “patriot” in Trump’s America

“What is a patriot? As America reached its 250th birthday, celebrated by President Trump’s Freedom 250 events in Washington DC, this question could be answered very differently, depending on who you asked. President Trump kicked off celebrations with a UFC fight at the White House on June 14th, which also happened to be his 80th birthday …

As attendees waited in line for the event on the White House’s South Front, protesters against the administration rallied outside.” — Ford Fischer

Rose Horowitch

The decline in reading cuts across age groups, gender, and education levels. Even the demographics that traditionally read the most—retirees, women, and college graduates—have seen a collapse.

The books that people do read are simpler than they used to be. New York Times best sellers today have sentences that are about one-third shorter than they were a century ago. Longer sentences aren’t inherently better. But their former ubiquity suggests an age when Americans had the inclination and ability to read serious works of literature. In 1958, the English translation of Boris Pasternak’s Doctor Zhivago was the best-selling novel of the year, according to Publishers Weekly. Pasternak writes in long, complex sentences: “On that warm gray morning in the mountains, Zhivago felt sorry for the Tsar, was disturbed at the thought that such diffident reserve and shyness could be the essential characteristics of an oppressor, that a man so weak could imprison, hang, or pardon.”

This shift is often referred to as a literacy crisis. And it’s true that Americans’ basic reading skills are declining. Fourth- and eighth-grade reading scores have slid for the past decade. Amanda Kordeliski, who is on the board of the American Association of School Librarians, told me that she and her fellow librarians have had to buy new books to accommodate students’ diminished reading levels. Some of the most popular are graphic novels: updated classics such as the Magic Tree House series for elementary-school students, and manga for middle and high schoolers.

In 2024, in a national test, just 35 percent of high-school seniors were “proficient” at skills such as analyzing complex fictional themes and evaluating the effectiveness of an author’s argument. About the same number scored below “basic,” meaning that they may struggle to draw conclusions from concepts explicitly included in a text, or to use context clues to determine the meaning of an unknown word. Adult-literacy scores have also dropped: Nearly 30 percent of American adults cannot paraphrase or make inferences from a multipage text. In 2017, that number was less than 20 percent.

Things are about to get worse, and fast. The next generation reads much less than today’s adults did when they were kids. Kindergarten teachers say that many of their students don’t know nursery rhymes or fairy tales, Benjamin Powers, the director of Yale and the University of Connecticut’s Haskins Global Literacy Hub, told me. (In the study of 236,000 American adults, only 2 percent read to a child on a given day.) From 1984 to 2025, the percentage of 13-year-olds who said they rarely or never read for fun rose from 8 to 29 percent. Every year older a child gets, the less they like to read. Robert Townsend, a program director at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, recently ran focus groups asking high-school students how they felt about reading for pleasure. He told me that most thought of it as an alien practice.

Kristof:

It starts in your teens, not your twenties.
Nobody is coming to give you permission – it was already given the day a good AI model became free – the only question now is whether you use it or wait for a stamp that no longer means anything.

1. Start now, not after graduation. Read widely, argue with people smarter than you, learn how three or four different fields actually work, and build something that runs – all of it, at the same time, starting at fifteen or sixteen. Your portfolio is what you built, what you shipped, and it’s the range of what you understand and who you’ve tested your thinking against.
2. Treat knowledge as something you accumulate through work and dialogue, not attendance. Seek out people who disagree with you, who know things you don’t, who come from a different field or a different country. A real education is built in conversation and contested in argument or against reality – a lecture hall gives you neither.
3. Choose mentors who have skin in the game over teachers who don’t. Find the people who ship — engineers, founders, builders — and apprentice yourself to them, formally or not. A professor who has never had a bridge fall or a company fail has nothing to teach you about consequence.

Pat Garrett:

The News: A new report by the Wisconsin Institute for Law & Liberty (WILL) and the MacIver Institute finds that a longstanding Wisconsin statute conflicts with the Wisconsin Constitution’s “secret ballot” guarantee. As a result, WILL and MacIver are calling for the Wisconsin Legislature to amend the law. 

The Quote: WILL Associate Counsel, Nathalie Burmeister, stated, “We have serious concerns that enforcing this statute at central count locations could violate voters’ right to a ‘secret ballot.’  We are hopeful the Legislature will amend the law, and that WEC will work with local election officials to protect the right of all voters to have the way they voted kept private.”  

CEO of the MacIver Institute, Annette Olson, stated, “Voter confidence in elections is critical in securing and preserving freedom in Wisconsin and America. Protecting the secret ballot should be everyone’s priority.” 

The Issue: Under Wis. Stat. § 7.52(3), election officials in municipalities that use central count must put the poll list number of each voter who casts an absentee ballot on the back of the ballot. The “poll list” is a list maintained by election officials in which each voter is given a unique number, and the voter’s name is recorded on the list when their vote is cast. The poll list is a public record. As a result, someone could easily find out that John Doe was voter #452 on the poll list in the last election. 

Brandon L. Wright:

The newest results from the National Assessment of Educational Progress’s Long-Term Trend assessmentsoffer sharply different pictures, depending on students’ age and where they fall in the achievement distribution (see Figure 1 below).

Among nine-year-olds, there is some welcome news. Scores rose four points in both reading and math since 2022, with the gains concentrated among lower-performing students. The gap between the top and bottom of the distribution also narrowed for the right reason: Students at the bottom improved, rather than those at the top declining further.

These gains are genuinely encouraging and deserve to be treated as such. There were already signs of deterioration among lower-performing students before the pandemic, and Covid compounded those problems enormously. Four-point increases do not repair all the damage, of course, but they are substantial, statistically significant, and a welcome indication that an academic recovery is underway for some who badly need it.

Less encouraging is what happened to scores for students near the top of the distribution, which showed no statistically significant changes between 2022 and 2025. This after scores for the top students declined only slightly between 2020 and 2022 (which itself was remarkable, given the closures and other disruptions of the pandemic).

The basic story is simpler than the statistics make it sound. Scores for high-performing nine-year-olds fell much less than those for their lower-performing peers during the pandemic, but they have barely rebounded. While students further down the distribution made sizable gains, those at the top remained in roughly the same place.

Jerry Brown

That tension sits at the heart of how California has tried to address school accountability. For decades, the prevailing approach was blunt: reduce school quality to a single standardized test score, rank schools accordingly, then act on the results. The problems with this approach were well-documented. 

To put it plainly, California’s old approach punished schools serving the highest-need communities without accounting for the complexity of the challenges they faced.

We chose a different path when the state launched the California School Dashboard in 2017. The dashboard was designed to give families and educators a more complete picture of how schools are serving students. It incorporates a range of measures, not just academic performance. The explicit design principle was that no single data point can fully capture a school’s impact on students. 

Data matters, but nuance, context and judgment matter, too. The dashboard was never intended to serve as a cudgel for local school districts to kill competition and punish parents and students. That is what makes the situation at Aspire Golden State Preparatory Academy so troubling.

Aspire Golden State Prep, founded in 2008, is a public charter school in East Oakland serving a predominantly low-income community of color, like the two charter schools I founded in Oakland in the early aughts when I was mayor. Golden State Prep’s students enroll in sixth grade performing three years below grade level, but by graduation they are outperforming their peers at other schools.

As a result, it has one of Oakland’s highest high school graduation rates. It is a school that, by most accounts, is doing meaningful work in a community where educational options are scarce and the consequences of getting this wrong fall hardest on the kids who can least afford it.

Rich Witzel:

Chicago Public Schools followed Chicago Teachers Union’s staffing-first approach. Now the district faces cuts.

After years of adding staff and expanding programs while enrollment declined, buildings sat underused andacademic results remained weak, Chicago Public Schools proposes eliminating about 120 assistant principal positions as it faces a projected budget deficitof $732.5 million.

CPS has been pushed in this direction by the Chicago Teachers Union. Recent contracts increasingly go beyond traditional issues such as wages and basic working conditions, with agreements including costly, personnel-heavy initiatives such as sustainable community schools.

Those demands increase costs and reduce flexibility, making it harder for CPS to match spending to enrollment, school use and student outcomes.

Sustainable community schools show the weakness of this approach. The original eight high schools have seen enrollment fall 25% since 2018, compared with an 8% decline among CPS high schools overall. Those eight schools also posted lower academic proficiency rates, higher absenteeism and higher per-student spending than district averages.

In other words, the CTU is pushing CPS toward a model that spends more without delivering better results.

——

Chicago’s pension debt rose by approximately $500 million in 2025, according to the city’s audited annual financial report, with the amount the city owes to its four pension funds hitting $36.4 billion. @wttw

Linda Taaffe

The classroom guards, symbolic armbands and secret salutes carried out by members of an elite student movement at Cubberley High School in Palo Alto may have ended decades ago, but that brief, ominous week in April 1967 when a history lesson took an unexpected turn continues to have worldwide impact on the eve of its 50th anniversary.

The Third Wave began as an experiment in the classroom of first-year history teacher Ron Jones to simulate fascism in World War II and demonstrate to skeptical students how the Nazi Party rose to power. Over five days, the movement took on a life of its own as it spread from the 30 sophomores in Jones’ homeroom class to more than 200 students from all three high schools in the Palo Alto school district eager to pledge allegiance to a social movement that promised acceptance and reward to those who obediently followed its rigid rules.

“It started out as a fun game with the most popular teacher at school,” said Mark Hancock, one of the students in Jones’ Contemporary World History homeroom class. “He told us, ‘If you’re an active participant, I’ll give you an A; if you just go along with it, I’ll give you a C; if you try a revolution, I’ll give you an F, but if your revolution succeeds, I’ll give you an A.’

“I was a mischievous 15-year-old, and I remember right away, I wanted to be one of those revolutionaries who got an A. … But it went well beyond (grades) pretty quickly, and at the end, I was scared to death.”

——-

More.

Greg Fournier:

I have four grandchildren, three of whom have been diagnosed with learning disabilities. At different times, they have had Individualized Education Plans (IEPs), legally binding documents under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), or 504 plans, which are rooted in the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Both documents specify the accommodations students must be given to help them learn.

I have watched my daughters fight like tiger moms to get their kids the services they deserve by law. I have also watched with dismay as my granddaughter was treated badly by the Wake County, NC, public school system, despite her disabilities. (She is now enrolled in a private school, where she is flourishing.)

Most of us have encountered parents who were fierce advocates for getting their children accommodations in school. But as is the case with my upper-middle-class daughters, success in getting accommodations is often affected by the class and education background of parents who are seeking services, a disparity that is likely exacerbated by differences in who gets IEPs and who gets 504 plans.

The more widely used IEP is an entitlement program that details procedures and processes to provide a “free and appropriate public education.” In contrast, 504 plans are based in anti-discrimination laws and do not have the same complex requirements and safeguards as IEPs, giving schools far more discretion in granting 504 plans compared to IEPs. In turn, 504 plans are the result of often intense negotiations involving school officials, evaluators, and parents, and data consistently show that low-income students are more likely to have IEPs while more advantaged students have 504 plans. Finally, students in colleges and universities can use their high school IEPs or 504 plans to argue for accommodations in college.

Lex:

The degree is done 100% remotely.

It’s hosted on Coursera – that’s where you watch the lectures, and where they host the class resources, such as lab notebooks and quizzes. Coursera also provides forums to chat with teaching staff (which are rarely used), and this is how you upload your assignments.

The program is run by the University of London Worldwide, its distance-learning arm. And Goldsmiths, University of London, marks the assignments and exams.

Nate Anderson:

Ivy League college students are, by definition, intelligent. They don’t need to use generative AI to cheat on exams; they could just learn the material. But they also tend to be competitive, ambitious, and overscheduled, so AI can look like an easy shortcut that makes more time in their lives for things that can’t be done by a chatbot. When the pressure is on, which approach do they choose?

A new scandal at Brown University reveals that huge numbers of these students are likely to cheat.

Record scores

A recent survey of Princeton students found that 29.9 percent admitted to cheating with AI on at least one exam or assignment. But the recent situation at Brown gives us a better sense of what this kind of cheating looks like in one particular class—and just how much it may be substituting for actual learning. And we know all this because the blind economics professor at the center of it all, Roberto Serrano, is not letting it go.

In just the last week, Serrano—who was born in Spain—has told his story to El Paísand Inside Higher Ed, which have both run significant pieces on the scandal.

The story that Serrano told them begins in December 2025, when a gunman attacked Brown’s campus and killed two people, including one who had recently introduced herself to Serrano.

Chad Aldeman:

If a district has low reading scores and uses instructional practices that are inconsistent with what has been well documented about how children learn to read, the case is clear for switching to an evidence-based science of reading approach.

But Lexington’s young readers are not struggling. They have relatively strong test scores. So, perhaps not surprisingly, the prospect of being forced to change their literacy practices hasn’t sat well with Lexington’s leaders.

Famously, Lexington is the place where the first shots of the Revolutionary War were fired. Today, it’s a wealthy suburb about 10 miles outside of Boston. Its residentsare extremely well-educated — 84% have a bachelor’s degree or higher — and the median price for purchasing a house is $1.2 million.

As state legislators debated the science of reading bill, Lexington Public Schools attracted attention because it continued to use literacy materials associated with (much-maligned) balanced literacy approaches, including Lucy Calkins’ Units of Study program. (The district uses a supplemental program called Wilson Fundations in an attempt to fill in gaps.) The superintendent has been an outspoken critic of the state legislature’s efforts.

Perhaps in spite of its curricular choice, and thanks in part to the families it serves, Lexington’s students score pretty well on state tests. Last year, 70% of its third graders scored proficient in reading, compared with 42% statewide. Lexington doesn’t have a lot of poor kids, but its low-income third graders outperformed their peers statewide (44% versus 24%). Only 25% of Lexington’s children with disabilities reached the same bar, but even so, that was higher than the statewide average of 14%.

——-

“application bloat”

2026-2027 Madison K-12 $pending continues to grow, fueled by a 9.7% (!) property tax increase. Total spending will be at least $706,000,000 for 25,003 students, or $28,236 per student.

May 2026 Madison School District Presentation: 7,095 adults for 25,003 students (3.52 students per adult!)

Early Literacy Screener Map.

Map: Foundations of Reading Results: 2015–2024

Where have all the students gone?

More. Act 20.

3,887 Madison 4 year old to third grade students scored lower than 75% of the students in the national comparison group.

Madison taxpayers have long supported far above average k-12 tax & $pending. This despite our long term, disastrous reading results. May, 2026: 7,095 Staff for 25,003 students; $pending > $26k per student!

Madison Schools: More $, No Accountability

The taxpayer funded Madison School District long used Reading Recovery…

The data clearly indicate that being able to read is not a requirement for graduation at (Madison) East, especially if you are black or Hispanic”

A.B.T.: “Ain’t been taught.”

My Question to Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers on Teacher Mulligans and our Disastrous Reading Results

2017: West High Reading Interventionist Teacher’s Remarks to the School Board on Madison’s Disastrous Reading Results 

Madison’s taxpayer supported K-12 school district, despite spending far more than most, has long tolerated disastrous reading results.

“An emphasis on adult employment”

Wisconsin Public Policy Forum Madison School District Report[PDF]

WEAC: $1.57 million for Four Wisconsin Senators

Friday Afternoon Veto: Governor Evers Rejects AB446/SB454; an effort to address our long term, disastrous reading results

Booked, but can’t read (Madison): functional literacy, National citizenship and the new face of Dred Scott in the age of mass incarceration.

When A Stands for Average: Students at the UW-Madison School of Education Receive Sky-High Grades. How Smart is That?

Carl Hendrick:

In 1997, American Airlines captain Warren VanderBurgh gave a lecture warning about the dangers of autopilot. He titled it “children of the magenta line,” after the magenta coloured course line the flight computer draws across a cockpit display. He noticed that pilots were so used to following that line, to managing the automation rather than actually flying the plane, that they lost their own skills to manually fly the plane. This wasn’t a problem until it was a problem. 

VanderBurgh’s concern was not about autopilot itself but rather the complete dependency on autopilot at the expense of the internal knowledge of how it works and the loss of the judgment to know when to use it. In 2009, his warning came true in the very worst way possible over the Atlantic. When Air France 447’s sensors iced over, the autopilot handed a perfectly good airliner back to its crew, the pilots, confused and out of practice, stalled it into the

sea. 

The thing I find really fascinating about this story and why I think it has so much import for learning and AI is that his core diagnosis was that the autopilot was in fact, not the problem. The truth is that automated function in planes saves far more lives than it endangers and I think the same will be true of self-driving cars. (I have no interest in the hackneyed claim that the machines are bad and the humans good. The machines are, on the whole, magnificent I think). The thing I think is so interesting is that when faced with an emergency, the pilots reached instinctively for more automation not less, when the right thing to do was often to drop down a level and fly. So the danger is not automation itself but over-dependency on automation and this is quite obviously what happens when we give novice learners unfettered access to chatbots. 

But actually its worse than that because those pilots had already internalised lots of organised knowledge. What is happening now for many students is worse because they dont even know what they dont know. To understand why this is the case, we need to go back and look at some misguided ideas about learning. 

One of the dominant concepts of learning since the 1970s has been the idea that facts and internalised knowledge is the lowest rung on the ladder of learning, the part we can safely externalise, because you can always look it up (see Bloom’s taxonomy). Teach the transferable skills, ie the critical thinking, the questioning, the analysing, and let the facts take care of themselves; after all, they are only a search away, and half of them will be out of date within five years in any case. It is a seductive picture, and it is almost exactly wrong. In fact, in the words of Wolfgang Pauli, it’s not even wrong.

——-

“application bloat”

2026-2027 Madison K-12 $pending continues to grow, fueled by a 9.7% (!) property tax increase. Total spending will be at least $706,000,000 for 25,003 students, or $28,236 per student.

May 2026 Madison School District Presentation: 7,095 adults for 25,003 students (3.52 students per adult!)

Early Literacy Screener Map.

Map: Foundations of Reading Results: 2015–2024

Where have all the students gone?

More. Act 20.

3,887 Madison 4 year old to third grade students scored lower than 75% of the students in the national comparison group.

Madison taxpayers have long supported far above average k-12 tax & $pending. This despite our long term, disastrous reading results. May, 2026: 7,095 Staff for 25,003 students; $pending > $26k per student!

Madison Schools: More $, No Accountability

The taxpayer funded Madison School District long used Reading Recovery…

The data clearly indicate that being able to read is not a requirement for graduation at (Madison) East, especially if you are black or Hispanic”

A.B.T.: “Ain’t been taught.”

My Question to Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers on Teacher Mulligans and our Disastrous Reading Results

2017: West High Reading Interventionist Teacher’s Remarks to the School Board on Madison’s Disastrous Reading Results 

Madison’s taxpayer supported K-12 school district, despite spending far more than most, has long tolerated disastrous reading results.

“An emphasis on adult employment”

Wisconsin Public Policy Forum Madison School District Report[PDF]

WEAC: $1.57 million for Four Wisconsin Senators

Friday Afternoon Veto: Governor Evers Rejects AB446/SB454; an effort to address our long term, disastrous reading results

Booked, but can’t read (Madison): functional literacy, National citizenship and the new face of Dred Scott in the age of mass incarceration.

When A Stands for Average: Students at the UW-Madison School of Education Receive Sky-High Grades. How Smart is That?

Ben Somers:

Alpha School made a groundbreaking change to how we teach kids academics that every school should copy

They started A/B testing every piece of learning material to give kids the most effective materials for every topic

To accomplish this, they needed to divorce mastery tracking from curriculum. They needed to build a “routing” layer that has independent diagnostics/assessment in order to be able to run these A/B tests

We’re taking this one step farther at Recess; our product has a recursive/self-improving loop similar to how tiktok works.

Adam Singer

I’ve been writing about the rot in higher education for a while now. In Half of Social Science Falls Apart Under Scrutiny, I covered how a massive seven-year DARPA-funded study found only half of social science papers hold up when tested, a consequence of the ideological monoculture I documented in Academia Is Exactly as Biased as You Think. In We Stopped Teaching the Story of Prosperity, I argued universities have quietly abandoned the intellectual tradition that built the modern world. And in The End of America’s Marxist Era, I traced how postmodern Marxist ideology, dressed up in corporate-approved buzzwords, embedded itself in American institutions. We’ve debated and discussed these previous topics, but taken together there’s a clear story our universities are ideologically captured. And if you still want to debate it’s not a big deal, at the very least you can acknowledge universities have failed to provide a bulwark in the broader culture against things we’re seeing play out now.

In our latest piece of evidence, Stanford goes and votes, nearly unanimously, to expand a mandatory freshman curriculum that perfectly illustrates everything I’ve been describing. Today I want to go into that briefly and hope people will read with an open mind, because I think it’s important we get everyone on the same page with this problem so it can be clarified and discussed.

A courageous Stanford accounting professor, Iván Marinovic, brought actual diversity of thought to his school by voting no to a new curriculum and wrote about it in the Stanford Daily. His piece is worth reading in full, but we’ll go through just a bit of it. The mandatory course Why College? is meant to introduce students to liberal education and the good life. It assigns roughly 45 pages of canonical Western philosophical writing across an entire quarter, against more than 500 pages of contemporary work organized around identity, oppression, and “indigenous ways of knowing.” That’s an 11-to-1 ratio of, I would argue, ideas meant to undermine Western values and ideas that you and I would find honorable. 

And it’s not like the canonical 45 pages are a greatest hits collection. Students get 8 pages of Plato’s Allegory of the Cave, a short Epicurus and Seneca selection, and a single Nietzsche aphorism. As Marinovic puts it: “There is no Aristotle, no Augustine, no Aquinas, no Montaigne, no Locke, no Mill, no Newman, no Steiner, no Bloom, none of the writers who built the case for liberal education that the course claims to defend. A course advertised as a defense of liberal education has been built without the thinkers who defined it.”

Kelly Meyerhofer:

It’s the latest in a recent trend of holdover appointees, and was initially used by Republicans to prevent Evers from replacing their picks on state boards.

Democrats blasted the situation then but could now be taking a page from the same playbook, aided by a pair of state Supreme Court decisions that essentially renders board terms meaningless.

It began with Fred Prehn, who was appointed to the Natural Resources Board in 2015 by Republican Gov. Scott Walker. Prehn disregarded his term’s 2021 expiration date to prevent a Democratic majority from forming on the board. He served about two years beyond his term, casting the deciding vote to increase the quota for the state’s wolf hunt and to scrap limits of so-called forever chemicals in groundwater.

The state Supreme Court, in a 4-3 vote by conservative justices, ruled political appointees can remain in their posts until the Senate confirms their successor because the expiration of a term doesn’t in itself create a vacancy. Two of the board’s four conservative members had ties to Walker.

Prehn paved the way for three Walker appointees on the state Technical College System board to serve for nearly two years beyond their terms. Their decisions to stay were less consequential than Prehn’s because the overwhelming majority of the Technical College System Board’s votes were unanimous.

In 2025, a state Supreme Court controlled by liberal justices ruled the leader of Wisconsin’s elections agency may stay in her role until the bipartisan commission chooses to replace her or she resigns. That’s allowed the leader, Megan Wolfe, to serve indefinitely.

Guru Madhavan

In 1839, J.M.W. Turner painted The Fighting Temeraire. The old warship, once a hero of the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, glides like a ghost across the canvas, towed by a small steam tug belching smoke on its final voyage to the ship-breakers. The image shows a clear moment of change: sail giving way to steam, and with it, a major shift in power. The ship relied on timber, rope, canvas, and Britain’s seafaring towns. The tug depended on coal mines and iron foundries that supplied machine shops in the Midlands. Turner showed the tension of this time, when new technology changed who held power.

By Turner’s time, the United States had already defeated Britain’s navy in two wars—one for liberty on land, another for freedom of the seas. The 13 colonies used new technology in creative ways to win their freedom, and by keeping up with innovation, they managed to defend their freedom. Now, as the U.S. celebrates its 250th anniversary, we can ask: What does it really mean for a country to be independent? 

We tend to focus on how nations and individuals defend freedom but rarely turn that focus to the tools and systems that sustain freedom. Declaring independence is only the beginning: Independence must still be engineered.

Forging freedom

Long before the first shots were fired at Lexington and Concord in 1775, Britain had drawn the lines of conflict through technology. The Wool Act of 1699 choked colonial textile exports. The Hat Act of 1732 crushed local hat-making. The Iron Act of 1750 forbade finished iron goods. Each statute tightened the knot: Colonial capability existed only at Britain’s discretion. The Boston Tea Party may have been a loud response, but resistance also took subtler, more empowering forms. At a 1769 Virginia ball, more than a hundred women arrived in homespun gowns. Every thread was defiance.

When war came, everyday tradespeople pivoted to the fight. Farmers turned plowshares into gun barrels, while clockmakers turned their precision skills to making firing mechanisms. By 1777, two weapons production models had emerged—centralized sites like the Springfield Armory that could produce high-quality guns in large quantities, and household workshops that were more agile and could meet local needs. In parallel, the new nation developed an equally important source of supplies and support: France sent gunpowder and loans and eventually opened a second naval front in 1781, which proved as decisive as any weapon.

WYSR:

A frontier model is the compression of a massive amount of training data into numerical weights. The combined collection of books, forums, code repositories, manuals, papers, chat logs, transcripts, court cases, essays, comment sections, articles, tutorials, and every errant thought scrapeable by the frontier labs’ army of spiders crawling across the internet and beyond is staggering. 

In a way, its incomprehensibility is almost like psychic armor. It’s too big to understand directly.

Consider a wild river delta. As water runs from highlands to the sea, it erodes the land it travels through and carries the debris downstream as sediment. Silt, sand, clay, and all manner of organic material, scoured from every inch of tributary and riverbank, from plowed fields to rugged hillsides, end up aggregated in the delta. So does the richness of every life the river supports along the way. A continental watershed, swirling, accumulating, and ultimately settling at its terminus. The vast volume of disparate material combines in the delta to form something lush, strange, and alive.

And what is the sum of all human knowledge if not this?

Every cluster of letters scraped from the pages of history (the literal tokens an AI model ingests) is a single grain of silt deposited by the ever-flowing river of man’s exploration. Pile enough grains and you understand the movement of the stars. Stare long enough at the mud and you see the structures of logic itself. The large language model’s transubstantiation of alluvial soil into answers is the grand harvest of the society that grew it.

But subtract the dirt and there is no delta.

Subtract the corpus and there is no harvest. 

There is nothing.

This 2009 (!) University of Wisconsin-Madison Placement Office study of “reform vs traditional math” outcomes came to mind when reading Corrinne Hess’s 7 July 2026 article: “Fewer than half of Wisconsin students are proficient at math“.

deja vu.

I “prompted” grok, gemini and Claude for summaries of this report.

Grok’s intro plug:

(The study) compares traditional sequences with reform programs (such as Core-Plus) using data from over 17,000 students and a real Wisconsin high school that switched curricula. The summary includes clear data tables, placement outcomes, and practical implications for parents and educators.Beautifully designed, fully responsive, and easy to read on any device.

Claude’s intro plug:

“A University of Wisconsin study of over 17,000 incoming students found that students from traditional high school math sequences placed into more advanced college math courses than students from reform curricula like Core-Plus, even after controlling for whether they’d taken calculus. Taking calculus in high school — regardless of curriculum — was linked to the single biggest jump in placement scores. Encouragingly, the placement test itself showed no meaningful bias between curriculum types. Read the full study and a 10-year case study of one district’s curriculum transition: [link]”

Gemini’s intro plug:

How does your high school’s math track affect college success? A UW Center for Placement Testing study shows Traditional tracks outperform Reform tracks by 7-8% on college exams, nearly doubling top calculus placements. Yet, the placement test itself is proven completely unbiased. Read the full math readiness report here: [Insert Your Link]

—–

21% of University of Wisconsin System Freshman Require Remedial Math

How One Woman Rewrote Math in Corvallis

Singapore Math

Discovery Math

Connected Math (2006!)

Math Forum 2007

Katy Purviance:

A researcher at Williams College set out to study variations in curiosity across elementary school classrooms. She had to abandon the study. The problem was not funding or methodology. As researcher Susan Engel later noted, there was such an astonishingly low rate of curiosity in any of the classrooms she visited that there was nothing to measure. In one classroom, she witnessed a teacher respond to a visibly curious child this way: “I can’t answer questions right now. Now it’s time for learning.”

Read that sentence with fresh eyes. A child’s genuine question was treated as an interruption to learning. The institution designed to cultivate the mind had decided, in that moment, that curiosity was a liability.

Before starting school, children ask their parents an average of 100 questions per day (Warren Berger, A More Beautiful Question, 2014). In school, the rate drops to fewer than one question every two hours. When a teacher-librarian introduced open questioning exercises across grade levels, kindergartners generated questions so quickly they could not write them all down. By fifth grade, many students could not produce a single question to ask. Susan Engel documented a fifth-grade classroom where two full hours passed without one student asking anything at all.

A mind that arrived overflowing with questions has learned, systematically, to keep them to itself.

Erin Gretzinger:

“Right now going to work feels like suffering,” one staff member wrote in response to a school climate survey. “Staff are walking on eggshells at school every day,” another said. “Check on Van Hise staff,” a third said. “We are not okay.”

The responses pointed to the school’s principal, Rebecca Stein, as the root of their concerns — echoing public complaints from a group of parents over the last school year.

In the 2025-26 school year, the parents submitted a formal complaint to the Madison Metropolitan School District about Stein’s leadership. From the beginning of Stein’s tenure in the 2023-24 school year, parents previously told the Cap Times as well, they’d heard concerns from teachers about micromanaging and bullying under Stein.

However, the district found Stein didn’t violate any policies and concluded the school’s culture challenges predated Stein’s tenure, according to messages sent to families from Deputy Superintendent TJ McCray that were shared with the Cap Times.

“The review illuminated a deeply complex situation, identifying an unsustainable school climate marked by erosion of trust and significant communication breakdowns across the community that existed prior to the current leadership,” McCray wrote in a May email.

———

Van Hise has long been one of the taxpayer funded Madison K-12 System’s least diverse schools (16.7% “economically disadvantaged” – Wisconsin DPI). Curiously, we taxpayers expanded it a few years ago, despite space in other schools…..

27.3% of Van Hise’s 4k to 3rd grade students (71) scored below 75% of the students in the national comparison group.

Nicole Pollack:

The school’s football team played just one of its five home games at the field last year, head football coach Jesse Norris said. The team played two games at Breese Stevens Field and two games at other high schools.

Norris said the football team’s successes have come in spite of its ever-changing venue, and he believes upgrading the field will make the team even better. For high school athletes, he said, “having the consistency of a home is key.”

“Athletics are one of the many ways we fulfill our Catholic Dominican mission of educating the whole person,” Edgewood High School president Kevin Rea said in an email. The school, Rea added, seeks to educate students “academically, physically, socially, and spiritually,” and sports bring the community together.

Edgewood wants to build new bleachers that can seat 1,200, with a press box at the top and coaching offices, team and multipurpose rooms and trainer space below. The school’s plans also call for a concession stand, bathrooms, storage sheds, EMS access and a new sound system. Notably, the plans don’t include field lights.

Ann Althouse summary

I’m less interested in the random oysterman than I am in the Democratic Party leadership, what they were up to, and what they are doing now. It’s so much like the story of Joe Biden’s candidacy in 2024. They let the primary process occur, propped the guy up while democracy was in play, let the people expend their power to choose, and then and only then a fatal defect got exposed, and the people’s choice had to withdraw himself. The Party got to insert their candidate, someone who never had to face the test of the primary. I want to hold the Party responsible for what it did. Was it just idiotically searching around for a “masculine” man and infatuated with his oysters? Did it cynically select him and think the people don’t care about sexual misdeeds anymore — the #MeToo era is over and it’s time to go for those “manosphere” votes?

——-

Alex Berenson:

This may get very ugly for @nytimes

A victim of sexual misconduct (at a minimum) by Graham Platner explains in detail how she provided the Times the evidence it could have used to corroborate her story – and how the Times ignored it

This is deep journalistic malfeasance

——-

Mary Katherine Ham:

Former Gov. Ralph Northam was appointed to a college board by Gov. Abigail Spanberger this year after refusing to resign in 2019 in the face of party-wide demands in the wake of a blackface/Klan hood picture scandal and another admitted blackface incident. Everyone just shut up and he served a full term. Now, one of the reasons they didn’t force him out is bc their next two in the line of succession were an AG, who also had a blackface scandal, and a Lt. Gov. named Justin Fairfax who had faced sexual assault allegations and fast-forward, just recently murdered his wife. So, maybe Ds in Maine can find someone besides Platner who doesn’t have a racist pic or tattoo and/or violent history with women, but their record thus far not great, and the Virginia Dems don’t offer a template for that.

——-

“You said: He’s your kind of man.” – Elizabeth Warren

Platner “represented masculinity” for the Democrats:

let them eat cake

——-

David Blaska:

Watch for guilty pleasure the Nurse Ratched of progressive politics singing a political torch song for the burley, tatted-up ex-Marine as Her Kind of Man. Like a 1940s bobbysoxer, Sen. Warren goes all weak in the knees.

———-

Jake Altman:

How worried should Democrats be about the Democratic Socialists of America? In the wake of a series of DSA victories in New York City, Jonathan Chait raised the alarm in The Atlantic, writing that as the group has risen in power, it has also grown “more hostile to the [Democratic] party, more illiberal, and more dogmatic.” Long-time DSA members, including former staff member and thought leader David Duhalde and socialist magazine publisher Nathan J. Robinson, pushed back, dismissing Chait as someone who doesn’t know or understand the DSA.

——-

Washington Free Beacon:

A number of Democratic lawmakers eyeing prominent roles in the 2028 presidential primary—whether as candidates or kingmakers—went out of their way to boost Platner’s candidacy and associate themselves with his particular brand of scumbag socialism. Here are the ones who disgraced themselves the most on the road to Platner’s inevitable demise.

———

Maine Democrats: “NO KINGS!!” Also, Maine Democrats: “The plebes picked the wrong dude so we’re going to choose for them.”

Corrinne Hess:

In late 2025, legislative Republicans introduced a bill to strengthen math education for Wisconsin’s youngest students. 

The plan would have required schools to implement consistent math assessments and intervention plans for students who fell behind in math — similar to the sweeping reading legislation known as Act 20 passed in 2023. 

The bill didn’t make it out of committee.

——-

21% of University of Wisconsin System Freshman Require Remedial Math

How One Woman Rewrote Math in Corvallis

Singapore Math

Discovery Math

Connected Math (2006!)

Math Forum 2007

Jon Marcus:

Glass doors lead to the light-filled lobby of a redbrick and limestone chapel at one end of a grassy quad, where lectures and receptions were held and students testified about their faith.

Original artwork hangs on the walls on the way to the music department, chaplain’s office and recital hall, along with brass “leaves” listing the names of past financial boosters formed into the shape of a tree.

This visit to Trinity Christian College, in Palos Heights, Illinois, isn’t real. It’s virtual, captured just before the college closed in May so students and alumni could remember the campus, which is being sold off to repay more than $26 million worth of debt and other liabilities. 

“Instead of being wiped off the map, this is a way to honor the legacy” of the college, said Shalom Nwaokolo, who, with his wife, Ashley, is creating the permanent digital preservation of it. 

Memorializing colleges and universities in virtual reality is among the more sentimental responses to the accelerating pace at which they’re closing and projected to close. 

So pronounced has this trend become, however, that it’s also resulting in more consequential steps that speak to the intensifying threat of plummeting enrollments, rising debt and other problems.

Tom Tugenhadt

In 2024, for the first time in more than a century, governing parties in every developed country lost vote share. The White House changed residents, as did 10 Downing Street. President Emmanuel Macron’s group took a pounding in France, and Germany’s governing coalition collapsed. Even in India, Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s support ebbed. From country to country, the complaint often was the same: You just don’t deliver.

This failure is visible in the U.S., where Congress spent $42 billion in 2021 to wire rural America for broadband. Four and a half years later, the first two towers—one in Nebraska and one in Louisiana—went live. Last year it was reported that a multibillion-dollar program for electric-vehicle chargers, also started in 2021, had led to only a few hundred being installed. California’s high-speed rail, approved by voters in 2008, has no trains in service and only one remote segment under construction.

Matthew Yglesias:

I did a panel with Adam Gray and Tom Suozzi at WelcomeFest where they outlined their Promise to America, an effort to put some meat on the bones of the general idea of moderation. One of the things they say is “we are capitalist, not socialist,” which is definitely a sentiment that I agree with. 

Suozzi said on the panel, very correctly, that market economies have dramatically outperformed the competition and delivered, while not perfect societies, certainly the greatest levels of material prosperity that we see anywhere on Earth. 

This is all totally correct, but I think that people who know that it’s correct need to think more about why, despite its correctness, it has become so unfashionable for young people to embrace capitalism. 

I think one really important reason is that if you look at what people spend money on, you know housing and health care are the two most important sectors by far. Young people consume far below-average amounts of health care, though, meaning that their consumption is really dominated by housing. A large share of the population consumes housing in the form of renting a home from themselves, so they are somewhat insulated from the ups and downs of the housing market. 

But those people are mostly old. 

If you’re young, your experience of the economy is dominated by the housing situation. And the housing situation in the United States is not very good. So I think for most young people “capitalism” means something like “the status quo system,” and they perceive the status quo system to be pretty bad because they are super exposed to the single most dysfunctional element of the status quo economic system. 

Now, in my capacity as a lawyer for capitalism, I am happy to point out that not only is housing the most dysfunctional element of the status quo economy, butit’s also the element that is run in the least capitalistic way. 

on “Face the Nation with Margaret Brennan

But if you were to say to me, you know, is the eligibility system that we currently have working? I mean, if everybody would comply with it and stay out of the courts, maybe, but they don’t. There is no agent regular regulation, which is a huge problem. You talk to any student athlete about that, and any school about it, they’ll tell you that. This provides some regulatory structure around agents. It also deals with all the state preemption issues. We, you know, you got 40 different states with 40 different rules around how NIL should work, which makes it virtually impossible to set a national standard. You also have the elements associated with dealing with how we’re going to handle some of the issues around NIL, which you mentioned. And again, you know, for all of this, what we’re really trying to achieve is some sort of national framework so that you can have national championships and national competitions, in which, for all intents and purposes, everybody’s playing by the same set of rules. Now, I understand some of the concerns that the Big 10 and the SEC, in particular, have raised with the bill. We have some concerns with the bill too. But to simply walk away from something that deals with a number of the most significant challenges that face college sports at that point in time, in my view, would be a mistake, and I spent time talking to folks in all of the power conferences, and the rest of Division I, and Division II, and Division III about this, and my message to them has been, look, these folks crafted a bipartisan bill, really hard to do, does everybody love everything about it? No. Is the process associated with crafting it done? Also, no. So, let’s take seriously this opportunity to support the process, support the effort, support the parts of the bill that we believe in. And then continue to try and work with folks in the Senate, and hopefully ultimately folks in the House to create something that we can all get behind.

Will Wang:

The Art Institute of Chicago’s API includes ahas_not_been_viewed_much field on artwork. It’s a boolean that describes whether an art piece hasn’t been visited on their website very much.

More specifically, per the source code , has_not_been_viewed_much means the art piece has been viewed fewer than 200 times on the website since January 1, 2010.

Of course, that still begs the question: what are these artworks? Why aren’t they being viewed? I can’t answer the latter, but, if you have a moment for the former, please take some time to browse.

ny post:

A new Federal Reserve working paper found the record surge in illegal immigration during the Biden administration triggered higher home prices and rents.

The findings arrive as immigration remains a polarizing political issue. Republicans argue former President Joe Biden’s border policies strained housing and public resources, while Democrats say immigration helped ease labor shortages and supported economic growth.

The paper, published by the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, combines immigration court records with government administrative data to measure how the unprecedented wave of illegal immigration between 2021 and 2024 affected local labor and housing markets.

The authors caution the study is a preliminary draft circulated for professional comment and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas or the Federal Reserve System.

Researchers found the influx of illegal immigrants boosted employment with little measurable effect on wages but significantly increased housing demand.

NY Times Editorial Commentary:

In 1970, only 7 percent of college freshmen nationwide had a high-school grade average of A or higher; today, the share is roughly 40 percent.

————

2026-2027 Madison K-12 $pending continues to grow, fueled by a 9.7% (!) property tax increase. Total spending will be at least $706,000,000 for 25,003 students, or $28,236 per student.

May 2026 Madison School District Presentation: 7,095 adults for 25,003 students (3.52 students per adult!)

Early Literacy Screener Map.

Map: Foundations of Reading Results: 2015–2024

Where have all the students gone?

More. Act 20.

3,887 Madison 4 year old to third grade students scored lower than 75% of the students in the national comparison group.

Madison taxpayers have long supported far above average k-12 tax & $pending. This despite our long term, disastrous reading results. May, 2026: 7,095 Staff for 25,003 students; $pending > $26k per student!

Madison Schools: More $, No Accountability

The taxpayer funded Madison School District long used Reading Recovery…

The data clearly indicate that being able to read is not a requirement for graduation at (Madison) East, especially if you are black or Hispanic”

A.B.T.: “Ain’t been taught.”

My Question to Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers on Teacher Mulligans and our Disastrous Reading Results

2017: West High Reading Interventionist Teacher’s Remarks to the School Board on Madison’s Disastrous Reading Results 

Madison’s taxpayer supported K-12 school district, despite spending far more than most, has long tolerated disastrous reading results.

“An emphasis on adult employment”

Wisconsin Public Policy Forum Madison School District Report[PDF]

WEAC: $1.57 million for Four Wisconsin Senators

Friday Afternoon Veto: Governor Evers Rejects AB446/SB454; an effort to address our long term, disastrous reading results

Booked, but can’t read (Madison): functional literacy, National citizenship and the new face of Dred Scott in the age of mass incarceration.

When A Stands for Average: Students at the UW-Madison School of Education Receive Sky-High Grades. How Smart is That?

Corinne Hess:

“If nothing else changed in our world, we wouldn’t even be able to cover our health insurance increases,” Hamdan said. 

Meanwhile, expenses such as curriculum and instructional materials, utilities, health insurance, transportation and employee salaries continue to increase.

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Last month, the White House Council of Economic Advisors (CEA) published an analysis of the cost reductions which would occur if policymakers banned three abusive and common contracting terms used by hospitals to inflate their revenue. For elected leaders who profess to want to make healthcare more affordable, taking up this cause would be a good place to start.

———

Will Flanders:

This is just money moving around based on enrollment and property value changes. Districts w/ declining enrollment and/or rising property values get less, districts in the opposite situation get more.

———

Notice: It doesn’t affect schools’ funding, only how much is paid by property taxes vs. income taxes.

Under it all: The cost spiral enabled by @GovEvers unilaterally jacking how much schools can spend by an unprecedented sum for the next 4 centuries.

———

Healthcare cost are putting an extreme pressure on school districts’ finances ($94,500,000 in Madison!). “Application bloat” as well, along with curious curriculum and related costs.

Teagan King:

Roughly six months into the Monona Grove School District’s efforts to sell two properties, the district is still searching for a buyer for one and has ditched plans to sell the other.

At a June meeting, the Monona Grove School Board approved plans to request a letter of intent from the city of Monona, giving the city until Aug. 31 to say whether it’s interested in buying the Maywood School building at 902 Nichols Road.

The school district had not heard from the city as of late June, but “we remain in close contact with city officials,” Superintendent Tanya Fredrich said.

Monona Mayor Nancy Moore said the city is evaluating the site’s condition and possible uses before making any decisions.

Kelly Meyerhofer

• Newly released records show a growing divide between former UW system president Jay Rothman and the Board of Regents.
• Regents expressed concerns ranging from the system’s strategy on artificial intelligence to feeling their role was reduced to a rubber stamp.
• The board asked Rothman to resign, but he refused and challenged them to fire him, which they later did.
• After news of his potential ouster broke, Rothman received an outpouring of support, while board members did not.

Many University of Wisconsin Board of Regents members privately complained to each other in text messages about UW system president Jay Rothman in the months leading up to his ouster, according to newly released records.

Board President Amy Bogost and board member Timothy Nixon described some of the problems the board had with Rothman during a legislative hearing in April, but the nearly 500 pages of records recently obtained by the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel reveal a much deeper divide between Rothman and the board than was previously known.

The board’s grievances ran the gamut, from large concerns, like whether universities were prepared to lead in the era of artificial intelligence, to more petty beefs, like whether Rothman gave the board enough credit for a particular initiative.

Anna Hansen:

Aspiring chess champion Lincoln Olson, 11, was challenging community members to play him in chess on the Capitol Square during the Dane County Farmers’ Market. Olson has been playing at the market for the last two weeks trying to raise money for upcoming travels to national tournaments.

Eleven-year-old Lincoln Olson played 12 games of chess against competitors twice his age at the Dane County Farmers’ Market. His only losses were one game and a tooth.

Olson is a proud member of the Edgewood Campus School’s chess team, playing since last fall. He also played in a national competition in May, ranking 40th in his division, or in the top 24%.

Matthew Yglesias:

I was at a couple of education events in the spring that all featured very smart, very achievement-oriented people talking about how to address the national crisis in basic reading and math attainment. A common lament was that politicians and pundits are simply not focused enough on the question of whether kids are learning the basics, preferring to fire off hot takes about culture war topics. 

This is a view that I very much sympathize with and have articulated over the years. 

That said, I’ve also been in a bunch of conversations about things like Noah Smith’s essay on the need for a revival of American liberal nationalism or Jerusalem Demsas’s take about how you have to love America in order to save it. 

I broadly agree with these takes. But I also find that they’re a little bit lacking in specificity. 

I know that Rob Sand, who’s running for governor in Iowa, does things like open town halls by having everyone sing “America the Beautiful.” A friend described Sand as the Daniel Day-Lewis of politics: He understood quite some time ago that trends in Democratic Party politics were going one way and political trends in Iowa were going another, and he fully committed to a hyper-distinctive post-partisan Iowa-as-fuck persona. He never breaks character, and he not only performs the patriotic ritual, he makes it seem natural.